{"product_id":"biorefinery-of-inorganics-9781118921456","title":"Biorefinery of Inorganics","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProvides complete coverage of the recovery of mineral nutrients from biomass and organic waste\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis book presents a comprehensive overview of the potential for mineral recovery from wastes, addressing technological issues as well as economic, ecological, and agronomic full-scale field assessments. It serves as a complete reference work for experts in the field and provides teaching material for future experts specializing in environmental technology sectors.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBiorefinery of Inorganics: Recovering Mineral Nutrients from Biomass and Organic Waste\u003c\/i\u003e starts by explaining the concept of using anaerobic digestion as a biorefinery for production of an energy carrier in addition to mineral secondary resources. It then discusses the current state of mineral fertilizer use throughout the world, offering readers a complete look at the resource availability and energy intensity. Technical aspects of mineral recovery organic (waste-)streams is discussed next, followed by\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeries Preface xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xxvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection I Global Nutrient Flows and Cycling in Food Systems 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Global Nutrient Flows and Cycling in Food Systems 3\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eQian Liu, Jingmeng Wang, Yong Hou, Kimo van Dijk, Wei Qin, Jan Peter Lesschen, Gerard Velthof, and Oene Oenema\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Primary and Secondary Driving Forces of Nutrient Cycling 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Anthropogenic Influences on Nutrient Cycling 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 The Global Nitrogen Cycle 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 The Global Phosphorus Cycle 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Changes in Fertilizer Use During the Last 50Years 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Changes in Harvested Crop Products and in Crop Residues During the Last 50Years 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Changes in the Amounts of N and P in Animal Products and Manures 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Changes in the Trade of Food and Feed 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Changes in Nutrient Balances 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11 General Discussion 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection II The Role of Policy Frameworks in the Transition Toward Nutrient Recycling 23\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.1 Toward a Framework that Stimulates Mineral Recovery in Europe 25\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNicolas De La Vega and Gregory Reuland\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 The Importance of Managing Organic Residues 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 The Rise of Nutrient and Carbon Recycling 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 The European Framework for Nutrient Recovery and Reuse (NRR) 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.4 EU Waste Legislation 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.5 Moving from Waste to Product Legislation and the Interplay with Other EU Legislation 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.6 Complying with Existing Environmental and Health \u0026amp; Safety Legislation 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.7 Conclusion 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.2 Livestock Nutrient Management Policy Framework in the United States 33\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGeorgine Yorgey and Chad Kruger\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Introduction 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 The Legal-Regulatory Framework for Manure Nutrient Management 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Current Manure-Management Practices 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Public Investments for Improvement of Manure-Management Practices 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 The Role of the Judicial Process and Consumer-Driven Preferences 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Limitations of the Current Framework 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7 Conclusion 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.3 Biomass Nutrient Management in China: The Impact of Rapid Growth and Energy Demand 43\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Thiers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Introduction 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 The Impact of Economic Liberalization Policy in the 1980s and 1990s 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Environmental Protection Efforts and Unintended Consequences 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Renewable Energy Policy and Its Impact on Biomass Management 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 Conclusion 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.4 Nutrient Cycling in Agriculture in China 53\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLin Ma, Yong Hou, and Zhaohai Bai\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Introduction 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Nutrient Cycling in China 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Effects on the Environment 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.4 Nutrient Management Policies 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5 Future Perspectives 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5.1 National Nutrient Management Strategy 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5.2 Challenges of Technology Transfer in Manure Management 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.5.3 Environmental Protection 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.6 Conclusion 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection III State of the Art and Emerging Technologies in Nutrient Recovery from Organic Residues 65\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.1 Manure as a Resource for Energy and Nutrients 67\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIvona Sigurnjak, Reinhart Van Poucke, Céline Vaneeckhaute, Evi Michels, and Erik Meers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Introduction 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Energy Production from Animal Manure 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2.2 Thermochemical Conversion Process 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Nutrient Recovery Techniques 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3.1 Phosphorus Precipitation 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3.2 Ammonia Stripping and Scrubbing 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3.3 Membrane Filtration 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3.4 Phosphorus Extraction from Ashes 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.4 Conclusion 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.2 Municipal Wastewater as a Source for Phosphorus 83\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAleksandra Bogdan, Ana Alejandra Robles Aguilar, Evi Michels, and Erik Meers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Introduction 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Sludge Management 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Current State of P Recovery Technologies 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4.1 Phosphorus Salts Precipitation 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4.2 Phosphorus Recovery Via Wet-Chemical Processes 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4.3 Phosphorus Recovery Via Thermal Processes 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4.4 Choice of Phosphorus Technologies Today 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5 Future P Recovery Technologies 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5.1 Phosphorus Salt Recovery Upgrades 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5.2 Thermal Processes 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.5.3 Natural Process for the Recovery of Phosphorus 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.6 Conclusion 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.3 Ammonia Stripping and Scrubbing for Mineral Nitrogen Recovery 95\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eClaudio Brienza, Ivona Sigurnjak, Evi Michels, and Erik Meers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Introduction 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Ammonia Stripping and Scrubbing from Biobased Resources 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.1 Acid Scrubbing of Exhaust Air 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.2 Stripping and Scrubbing from Manure 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.3 Stripping and Scrubbing from Anaerobic Digestate 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2.4 Manure and Digestate Processing by Evaporation 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Alternative Scrubbing Agents 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3.1 Organic Acids 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3.2 Nitric Acid 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3.3 Gypsum 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Industrial Cases of Stripping and Scrubbing 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4.1 Waste Air Cleaning Via Acid Scrubbing 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4.2 Raw Digestate Processing Via Stripping and Scrubbing and Recirculation of the N-Depleted Digestate 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4.3 Liquid Fraction Digestate Processing Via Stripping and Scrubbing 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4.4 Liquid Fraction of Digestate Processing Via Membrane Separation and Stripping and Scrubbing 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Product Quality of Ammonium Sulfate and Ammonium Nitrate 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5.1 Ammonium Sulfate 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5.2 Ammonium Nitrate 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.6 Conclusion 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection IV Inspiring Cases in Nutrient Recovery Processes 107\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.1 Struvite Recovery from Domestic Wastewater 109\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAdrien Marchi, Sam Geerts, Bart Saerens, Marjoleine Weemaes, Lies De Clercq, and Erik Meers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Introduction 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Process Description 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Analyses and Tests 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3.1 Mass Balance 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3.2 Struvite Purity 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4 Operational Benefits 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4.1 Enhanced Dewaterability 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4.2 Enhanced Recovery Potential 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4.3 Reduced Scaling 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4.4 Reduced Phosphorus Content in the Sludge Pellets 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4.5 Reduced P and N Load in the Rejection Water 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.5 Economic Evaluation 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.6 Future Challenges 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.6.1 In-Depth Quality Screening 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.6.2 Improved Crystal Separation 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.7 Conclusion 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.2 Mineral Concentrates from Membrane Filtration 121\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePaul Hoeksma and Fridtjof de Buisonjé\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Introduction 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Production of Mineral Concentrates 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.1 General Set-up 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.2 Solid\/Liquid Separation 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.3 Pre-treatment of the Liquid Fraction (Effluent from Mechanical Separation) 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.4 Reverse Osmosis 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2.4.1 Full-Scale Pilot Production Plants 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Mass Balance 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4 Composition of Raw Slurry, Solid Fraction, and RO-Concentrate 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4.1 Raw Slurry 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4.2 Solid Fraction 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4.3 RO-Concentrate 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4.3.1 Nutrients and Minerals 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4.3.2 Secondary Nutrients and Trace Elements 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4.3.3 Inorganic Microcontaminants 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4.3.4 Organic Microcontaminants 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.4.3.5 Volatile Fatty Acids 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.5 Quality Requirements 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.6 Conclusion 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.3 Pyrolysis of Agro-Digestate: Nutrient Distribution 133\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eEvert Leijenhorst\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Introduction 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.1 Background 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.2 The Pyrolysis Process 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1.3 Pyrolysis of Agro-Digestate 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Investigation 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.1 Materials and Methods 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2.2 Product Analysis and Evaluation 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Results and Discussion 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.1 Fast Pyrolysis: Influence of Temperature 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.1.1 Product Distribution 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.1.2 Nutrient Recovery 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.1.3 Product Composition 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.2 Influence of Heating Rate 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.2.1 Product Distribution 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3.2.2 Nutrient Recovery 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Conclusion 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.4 Agronomic Effectivity of Hydrated Poultry Litter Ash 147\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePhillip Ehlert\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Introduction 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Energy Production Process 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Composition of HPLA 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Agronomic Effectivity of HPLA 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.5 Phosphorus 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.6 Potassium 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.7 Rye Grass 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.8 Acid-Neutralizing Value 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.9 Efficacy 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.10 Conclusion 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.5 Bioregenerative Nutrient Recovery from Human Urine: Closing the Loop in Turning Waste intoWealth 161\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJayanta Kumar Biswas, Sukanta Rana, and Erik Meers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 Introduction 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Composition and Fertilizer Potential 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3 State of the Art of Regenerative Practices 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3.1 HU in Agriculture 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.3.2 HU in Aquaculture 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.4 Cautions, Concerns, and Constraints 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.5 Conclusion 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.6 Pilot-Scale Investigations on Phosphorus Recovery from Municipal Wastewater 177\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarie-Edith Ploteau, Daniel Klein, Johan te Marvelde, Luc Sijstermans, Anders Nättorp, Marie-Line Daumer, Hervé Paillard, Cédric Mébarki, Ania Escudero, Ole Pahl, Karl-Georg Schmelz, and Frank Zepke\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Introduction 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 European and National Incentives to Act on Market Drivers 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Pilot Investigations 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.1 Acid Leaching Solutions to Recover Phosphorus from Sewage Sludge Ashes 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.2 Pilot Demonstration of Thermal Solutions to Recover Phosphorus from Sewage Sludge: The EuPhoRe\u003csup\u003e®\u003c\/sup\u003e Process 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.3 Demonstration of struvite solution with biological acidification to increase the P recovery from sewage sludge 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.4 Innovative Technical Solutions to Recover P from Small-Scale WWTPs: Downscaling Struvite Precipitation for Rural Areas 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3.5 Algal-Based Solutions to Recover Phosphorus from Small-Scale WWTPs: A Promising Approach for Remote, Rural, and Island Areas 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection V Agricultural and Environmental Performance of Biobased Fertilizer Substitutes: Overview of Field Assessments 189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.1 Fertilizer Replacement Value: Linking Organic Residues to Mineral Fertilizers 191\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRené Schils, Jaap Schröder, and Gerard Velthof\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Introduction 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Nutrient Pathways from Land Application to Crop Uptake 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2.1 Nitrogen 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2.2 Phosphorus 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 Fertilizer Replacement Value 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3.1 Crop Response 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3.2 Response Period 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 Reference Mineral Fertilizer 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4.1 Crop and Soil Type 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4.2 Application Time and Method 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4.3 Assessment Method 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.5 Fertilizer Replacement Values in Fertilizer Plans 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.6 Conclusion 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.2 Anaerobic Digestion and Renewable Fertilizers: Case Studies in Northern Italy 215\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eFabrizio Adani, Giuliana D’Imporzano, Fulvia Tambone, Carlo Riva, Gabriele Boccasile, and Valentina Orzi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Introduction 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Anaerobic Digestion as a Tool to Correctly Manage Animal Slurries 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Chemical and Physical Modification of Organic Matter and Nutrients during Anaerobic Digestion 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 From Digestate to Renewable Fertilizers 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4.1 N-Fertilizer from the LF of Digestate 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4.2 Organic Fertilizer from the SF of Digestate 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Environmental Safety and Health Protection Using Digestate 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.6 Conclusion 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.3 Nutrients and Plant Hormones in Anaerobic Digestates: Characterization and Land Application 231\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShubiao Wu and Renjie Dong\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Introduction 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Nutrient Characterization in Anaerobic Digested Slurry 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2.1 N, P, and K Contents 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2.2 Bioactive Substances 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Use of Digestates as Fertilizers for Plant Growth 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Effect of Digestate on Seed Germination 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Positive Effects of Digestates on Soil 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5.1 Effects on Nutrient Properties 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5.2 Effects on Microbial Activity 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5.3 Potential Negative Effects 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Conclusion 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.4 Enhancing Nutrient Use and Recovery from Sewage Sludge to Meet Crop Requirements 247\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRuben Sakrabani\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Trends in Sewage Sludge Management in Agriculture 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Organomineral Fertilizer Use in Case Studies 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Case Study 1: Field Trial Using OMF (Broxton) 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Case Study 2: Field Trial Using OMF (Silsoe) 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.5 Conclusion 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.5 Application of Mineral Concentrates from Processed Manure 259\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eGerard Velthof, Phillip Ehlert, Jaap Schröder, Jantine van Middelkoop, Wim van Geel, and Gerard Holshof\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Introduction 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Product Characterization 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Agronomic Response 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3.1 Pot Experiments 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3.2 Field Experiments 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4 Risk of Nitrogen Losses 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4.1 Ammonia Emission 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4.2 Nitrous Oxide Emission 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4.3 Nitrate Leaching 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.5 Conclusion 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.6 Liquid Fraction of Digestate and Air Scrubber Water as Sources for Mineral N 271\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eIvona Sigurnjak, Evi Michels, and Erik Meers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Introduction 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Materials and Methods 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2.1 Experimental Design 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2.2 Fertilizer Sampling 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2.3 Plant and Soil Sampling 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2.4 Statistical Analysis 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2.5 Nitrogen Use Efficiency 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 Impact of Fertilization Strategies on Crop Production 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4 Impact of Fertilization Strategies on Soil Properties 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.5 Adjusted Nitrogen Use Efficiency 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.6 Conclusion 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.7 Effects of Biochar Produced from Waste on Soil Quality 283\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKor Zwart\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Introduction 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Biochar Production and Properties 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2.1 Pyrolysis 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2.2 Biochar Feedstock 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2.3 Biochar Composition 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2.4 Biochar Structure 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2.5 Functional Groups 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3 Effect of Biochar on Soil Fertility 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3.1 Factors Determining Soil Fertility 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3.2 Effects of Biochar on Soil Fertility Factors 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3.2.1 Soil Texture and Structure 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3.2.2 Soil Organic Matter 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3.2.3 Water Availability 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3.2.4 Nutrient Availability 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3.2.5 Cation Exchange Capacity 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3.3 Biochar as a Fertilizer or Soil Conditioner 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4 Trends in Biochar Research 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.8 Agronomic Effect of Combined Application of Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizer: A Field Trial 301\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eWei Zheng and Brajendra K. Sharma\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 Introduction 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2 Materials and Methods 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2.1 Biochars 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2.2 Soil and Site Description 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2.3 Field Experimental Design 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2.4 Measurements and Analyses 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3 Results and Discussion 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3.1 Effect of Biochar Application on Agronomic Yields 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.3.2 Effect of Biochar as a Soil Amendment on Soil Quality 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection VI Economics of Biobased Products and Their Mineral Counterparts 311\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.1 Economics of Biobased Products and Their Mineral Counterparts 313\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJeroen Buysse and Juan Tur Cardona\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Introduction 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Fertilizer Demand 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.1 Crop Demand 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.2 Drivers of the Increased Use of Mineral Fertilizers 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.3 Drivers of Biobased Fertilizer Demand 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.4 Importance of Fertilizer Use in the Cost of Production 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Fertilizer Supply 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.1 Global Production: Statistics and Regional Distribution 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.2 Link Between Food, Fertilizer, and Fuel Prices 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.3 Concentration and Market Power 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.4 Impact of a Strong Fertilizer Industry on the Production of Biobased Fertilizers 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Conclusion 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection VII Environmental Impact Assessment on the Production and Use of Biobased Fertilizers 329\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.1 Environmental Impact Assessment on the Production and Use of Biobased Fertilizers 331\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLars Stoumann Jensen, Myles Oelofse, Marieke ten Hoeve, and Sander Bruun\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 Introduction 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Biobased Fertilizer Production and Use 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2.1 Life Cycle Assessment 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2.2 The Four Phases of LCA 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2.2.1 Goal and Scope 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2.2.2 Inventory Analysis 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2.2.3 Impact Assessment 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2.2.4 Interpretation 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Environmental Impacts from the Production and Use of Biobased Fertilizers 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3.1 Climate Change and Global Warming Potential 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3.2 Eutrophication 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3.3 Acidification 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3.4 Eco- and Human Toxicity 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3.5 Resource Use 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3.6 Land Use: Direct and Indirect Land Use Change 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3.7 Other Impacts, Including Odor 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 Benefits and Value of Biobased Fertilizers in Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Sectors 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4.1 Crop Yield, Nutrient Use Efficiency, and Substitution of Mineral Fertilizers 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4.2 Substitution of Peat-Based Products 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4.3 Soil Quality Enhancement 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5 Integrative Comparisons of Synthetic and Biobased Fertilizers 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5.1 Synthetic Fertilizers 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5.2 Unprocessed Animal Manures 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5.3 Mechanically Separated and Processed Animal Manures 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5.4 Manure-Based Digestates and Post-Processing Products 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5.5 Municipal Solid Waste and Wastewater Biosolids Processed by AD or Composting 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.5.6 Mineral Concentrates, Extracts, Precipitates, Chars, and Ashes from Organic Wastes 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.6 Conclusion 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.2 Case Study: Acidification of Pig Slurry 363\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eLars Stoumann Jensen, Myles Oelofse, Marieke ten Hoeve, and Sander Bruun\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Introduction 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Conclusion 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.3 Case Study: Composting and Drying \u0026amp; Pelletizing of Biogas Digestate 369\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKatarzyna Golkowska, Ian Vázquez-Rowe, Daniel Koster, Viooltje Lebuf, Enrico Benetto, Céline Vaneekhaute, and Erik Meers\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Introduction 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Tunnel Composting \u003ci\u003evs \u003c\/i\u003eBaseline Scenario 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Drying and Pelletizing \u003ci\u003evs \u003c\/i\u003eBaseline Scenario 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Assumptions and Calculations Related to Biomass Flow 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4.1 Characteristics of the Input and Output Streams 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4.2 Storage, Transport, and Spreading 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4.3 Supporting Data 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Goal, Scope, and Assessment Methods 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6 Results 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6.1 Tunnel Composting 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6.2 Drying and Pelletizing 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6.3 Ecosystem Quality 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6.4 Energy, Transport, and Spreading 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.7 Conclusion 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSection VIII Modeling and Optimization of Nutrient Recovery from Wastes: Advances and Limitations 381\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.1 Modeling and Optimization of Nutrient Recovery from Wastes: Advances and Limitations 383\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCéline Vaneeckhaute, Erik Meers, Evangelina Belia, and Peter Vanrolleghem\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Introduction 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Fertilizer Quality Specifications 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2.1 Generic Fertilizer Quality Requirements 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2.2 Points of Attention for Biobased Products 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Modeling and Optimization: Advances and Limitations 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3.1 Anaerobic Digestion 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3.2 Phosphorus Precipitation\/Crystallization 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3.3 Ammonia Stripping and Absorption 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3.4 Acidic Air Scrubbing 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4 Modeling Objectives and Further Research 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4.1 Definition of Modeling Objectives 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4.2 Toward a Generic Nutrient Recovery Model Library 394\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4.3 Numerical Solution 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.5 Conclusion 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.2 Soil Dynamic Models: Predicting the Behavior of Fertilizers in the Soil 405\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMarius Heinen, Falentijn Assinck, Piet Groenendijk, and Oscar Schoumans\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Introduction 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Soil N and P Processes 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2.1 Main Dynamic Processes 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Other Related State and Rate Variables 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.1 Water Flow 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.2 Soil Water Content 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.3 Soil Temperature 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.4 Soil pH 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.5 Gas Transport 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.6 Crop Growth and Nutrient Demand 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3.7 Dynamic Simulation 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Organic Matter 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4.1 Multi-Pool Models with Constant Decomposition Rate Factor 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4.2 Models with a Time-Dependent Decomposition Rate Factor 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4.3 Environmental Response Factors 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Nitrogen 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5.1 Adsorption and Desorption 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5.2 Nitrification 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5.3 Denitrification 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5.4 Leaching 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5.5 Gaseous N Losses 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6 Phosphorus 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6.1 Adsorption, Desorption, Fixation, and Precipitation 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6.2 Calculation of Soil-Available P 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6.3 Leaching 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.7 Indices of Nutrient Use Efficiency 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.8 Other Nutrients 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.9 Overview of Processes in Selected Soil Dynamics Models 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.10 Model Parameterization of Biobased Fertilizers 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.11 Conclusion 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 437\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49406947328343,"sku":"9781118921456","price":999.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/biorefinery-of-inorganics-9781118921456","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}