{"product_id":"biorefinery-advances-production-of-fuels-and-platform-chemicals-9781119724728","title":"Biorefinery Advances  Production of Fuels and","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Biofuels: Classification, Conversion Technologies, Optimization Techniques and Applications 1\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSakthivel R, Abbhijith H, Harshini G V, Musunuri Shanmukha Vardhan and Krushna Prasad Shadangi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Classification of Biofuels 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 First-Generation Biofuels 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Second-Generation Biofuels 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Third-Generation Algal Biofuels 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Commonly Used Conversion Technologies 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Gasification 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1.1 Factors Influencing Gasification 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Pyrolysis 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2.1 Production of Bio-Oil from Pyrolysis 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Hydrothermal Processes 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3.3 Hydrothermal Gasification 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Transesterification 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Commonly Used Optimization Techniques 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 Response Surface Methodology 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Genetic Algorithm 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Application of Biofuels in Transportation Sector 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.1 Automobile Sector 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5.2 Aviation Sector 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Technical Challenges and Prospects of Renewable Fuel Generation and Utilization at a Global Scale 31\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRajesh K. Srivastava\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Biofuel Synthesis 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Biomass Energy 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Biofuels 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Biodiesel 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Challenges for Bioenergy Generation 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Operation Challenges in Biomass Energy Process 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Economic Challenges in Biomass Energy Process 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Social Challenges in Biomass Energy Processes 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3.1 Conflicting Decision on Utility of Biomass Resources 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3.2 Land Use Issue or Problems on Biomass Cultivation or Utilization 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3.3 Environmental Impact of Biomass Resources 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Policy and Regulatory Challenges for Biomass Energy Utility 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Conclusions 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Engineered Microbial Systems for the Production of Fuels and Industrially Important Chemicals 59\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSushma Chauhan, Balasubramanian Velramar, Sneha Kumari, Anushri Keshri, Shalini Pandey, Shivam Pandey, Tanushree Baldeo Madavi, Vargobi Mukherjee, Meenakshi Jha and Pamidimarri D. V. N. Sudheer\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Microbial Systems for Biofuels and Chemicals Production 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Microbial Systems for Genetic Engineering and Cellular Fabrication 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Engineering of Microbial Cell Systems for Biofuels Production 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2.1 Alcohols 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Engineering of Microbial Cell Systems for Chemical Synthesis 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.1 Organic Acids 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.2 Fatty Alcohols 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.3 Bioplastic 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Conclusions 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Production of Biomethane and Its Perspective Conversion: An Overview 93\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRajesh K. Srivastava and Prakash Kumar Sarangi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Sources of Methane 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Methane from Human Activity 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Impact of Methane on Climatic Change and Future 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.4 Advancements and Challenges 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Microalgal Biomass Synthesized Biodiesel: A Viable Option to Conventional Fuel Energy in Biorefinery 105\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNeha Bothra, P. Maniharika and Rajesh K. Srivastava\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Diesel 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Biodiesel 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Production of Biodiesel 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Origin of Biofuels 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Biodiesel Production from Algae 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Intensity of Radiant Light 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Lipid Content 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Biomass Culturing Conditions 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5.1 Temperature of Cultivation 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5.2 pH of Cultivation 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5.3 Duration Period of Light of Cultivation 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5.4 Carbon Uptake of Cultivation 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5.5 Oxygen Generation in Cultivation 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5.6 Mixing Rates of Cultivation 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5.7 Nutrient Uptake of Cultivation 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Harvesting of Microalgae 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Extraction of Oil 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1.1 Varying n-Hexane to Algae Ratio 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1.2 Varying the Algal Biomass Size 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1.3 Varying Contact Time between n-Hexane and Algae Biomass 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Transesterification 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Conclusion 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbbreviations 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Algae Biofuel Production Techniques: Recent Advancements 131\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTrinath Biswal, Krushna Prasad Shadangi and Prakash Kumar Sarangi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Technologies for Conversion if Algal Biofuels 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Thermochemical Conversion of Microalgae Biomass into Biofuel 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.1 Gasification 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.2 Thermochemical Liquefaction 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.3 Pyrolysis 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1.4 Direct Combustion 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Biochemical Conversion 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.2 Alcoholic Fermentation 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2.3 Photobiological Hydrogen Production 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Production of Biodiesel from Algal Biomass 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Transesterification 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Genetic Engineering Toward Biofuels Production 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Summary 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Technologies of Microalgae Biomass Cultivation for Bio-Fuel Production: Challenges and Benefits 147\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTrinath Biswal, Krushna Prasad Shadangi and Prakash Kumar Sarangi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Challenges Towards Algae Biofuel Technology 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Biology Related with Algae 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Algae Biofuels 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Benefits of Microalgal Biofuels 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Technologies for Production of Microalgae Biomass 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Photoautotrophic Production 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.1 Open Pond Production Systems 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.2 Closed Photobioreactor Systems 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1.3 Hybrid Production Systems 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Heterotrophic Method Production 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Mixotrophic Production 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 Photoheterotrophic Cultivation 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Impact of Microalgae on the Environment 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Advantages of Utilizing Microalgae Biomass for Biofuels 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Conclusion 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Agrowaste Lignin as Source of High Calorific Fuel and Fuel Additive 179\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHarit Jha and Neha Namdeo\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Agrowaste 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Lignin 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Structure of Lignin 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Types of Lignin 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Applications of Lignin 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Lignin as Fuel 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Bioethanol Production 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Bio-Oil Production 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Syngas Production 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 As Fuel Additive 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Conclusion 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Fly Ash Derived Catalyst for Biodiesel Production 203\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTrinath Biswal, Krushna Prasad Shadangi and Prakash Kumar Sarangi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Coal Fly Ash: Resources and Utilization 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Composition of Coal Fly Ash 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Economic Perspective of Biodiesel 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Biodiesel from Fly Ash Derived Catalyst 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Coal Fly Ash-Derived Sodalite as a Heterogeneous Catalyst 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1.1 Zeolite Synthesis from Coal Fly Ash 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1.2 Production of Biodiesel through Heterogeneous Transesterification 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 CaO\/Fly Ash Catalyst for Transesterification of Palm Oil in Production of Biodiesel 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.1 Production of Biodiesel 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2.2 Transesterification Reaction 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Biodiesel Production Catalysed by Sulphated Fly-Ash 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Composite Catalyst of Palm Mill Fly Ash-Supported Calcium Oxide (Eggshell Powder) 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4.1 Preparation of the CaO\/PMFA Catalyst 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5 Kaliophilite-Fly Ash Based Catalyst for Production of Biodiesel 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5.1 Synthesis of Kaliophilite 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.6 Fly-Ash Derived Zeolites for Production of Biodiesel 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConclusion 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Emerging Biomaterials for Bone Joints Repairing in Knee Joint Arthroplasty: An Overview 233\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eShankar Swarup Das\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Resources and Selecting Criteria 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Reasons for Bone Defects of Tibia Plateau 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Classification of Bone Defects of Medial Tibia Plateau 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Different Biomaterials for Tibial Plateau Bone Defects 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 New Biomaterials to Repair Bone Defects in Tibia Plateau 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Conclusion 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Editor 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 255\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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