{"product_id":"biodiesel-production-9781119771333","title":"Biodiesel Production","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAn incisive discussion of biofuel production from an economically informed technical perspective that addresses sustainability and commercialization together\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eBiodiesel Production: Feedstocks, Catalysts and Technologies\u003c\/i\u003e, renowned chemists Drs Rokhum, Halder, Ngaosuwan and Assabumrungrat present an up-to-date account of the most recent developments, challenges, and trends in biodiesel production. The book addresses select feedstocks, including edible and non-edible oils, waste cooking oil, microalgae, and animal fats, and highlights their advantages and disadvantages from a variety of perspectives. It also discusses several catalysts used in each of their methods of preparation, as well as their synthesis, reactivity, recycling techniques, and stability. \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe contributions explore recently developed technologies for sustainable production of biodiesel and provides robust treatments of their sustainability, commercialization, and their prospects for future biodies\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn Overview of Biodiesel Production xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 1 Biodiesel Feedstocks 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Advances in Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats 3\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eUmer Rashid and Balkis Hazmi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 History of the Use of Vegetable Oil in Biodiesel 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Generations of Biodiesel 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 First-Generation Biodiesel 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Second-Generation Biodiesel 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Third-Generation Biodiesel 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Basics of the Transesterification Reaction 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Variables Affecting Transesterification Reaction 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Alkaline-Catalyzed Transesterification 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Enzymatic-Catalyzed Transesterification 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9 Fuel Properties and Quality Specifications for Biodiesel 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10 Conclusion 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Green Technologies in Valorization of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel 33\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBisheswar Karmakar and Gopinath Halder\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 The Necessity for Biodiesel 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Sourcing the Correct Precursor 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Importance of Valorization 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Purification and Characterization 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Transesterification: A Comprehensive Look 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Conversion Techniques 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Traditional Conversion Approaches 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1.1 Acid Catalysis 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1.2 Alkali Catalysis 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1.3 Enzyme Catalysis 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1.4 Other Novel Heterogeneous Catalysts 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1.5 Two-Step Catalyzed Process 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Modern Conversion Approaches 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.1 Supercritical Fluids 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.2 Microwave Irradiation 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2.3 Ultrasonication 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Economics and Environmental Impact 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 Non-edible Oils for Biodiesel Production: State of the Art and Future\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerspectives 49\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eValeria D’Ambrosio, Enrico Scelsi, and Carlo Pastore\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Vegetable Non-edible Oils 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 General Cultivation Data 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Composition and Chemical–Physical Properties of Biodiesel Obtained from Non-edible Vegetable Oils 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Vegetable Oil 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.1 Extraction Methods 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3.2 Biodiesel Production 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.4 Criticisms Related to Non-edible Oils 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Future Perspectives of Non-edible Oils: Oils from Waste 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Conclusion 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Algal Oil as a Low-Cost Feedstock for Biodiesel Production 67\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMichael Van Lal Chhandama, Kumudini Belur Satyan, and Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Microalgae for Biodiesel Production 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Lipid and Biosynthesis of Lipid in Microalgae 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Lipid Biosynthesis 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Lipid Extraction 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Optimization of Lipid Production in Microalgae 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Nitrogen Stress 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Phosphorous Stress 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 pH Stress 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Temperature Stress 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.5 Light 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Conclusion 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 2 Different Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production 83\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Homogeneous Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production 85\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBidangshri Basumatary, Biswajit Nath, and Sanjay Basumatary\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Transesterification in Biodiesel Synthesis 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Homogeneous Catalyst in Biodiesel Synthesis 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Homogeneous Acid Catalyst 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Homogeneous Base Catalyst 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Properties of Biodiesel Produced by Homogeneous Acid and Base-Catalyzed Reactions 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Relevance of Homogeneous Acid and Base Catalysts in Biodiesel Synthesis 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Conclusion 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Application of Metal Oxides Catalyst in Production of Biodiesel 103\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eHui li\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Basic Metal Oxide 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Monobasic Metal Oxide 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1.1 Alkaline Earth Metal Oxide 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1.2 Transition Metal Oxide 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Multibasic Metal Oxide 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.1 Supported on Metal Oxide 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.2 Supported on Activated Carbon 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2.3 Supported on Metal Organic Framework 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Active Site-Doped Basic Metal Oxide 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.1 Alkali Metal Doped 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3.2 Active Metal Oxide Doped 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Mechanism of Transesterification Catalyzed by Basic Metal Oxide 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Acid Metal Oxide 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Monoacid Metal Oxide 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Multiacid Metal Oxide 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Supported on Metal Organic Framework 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Mechanism of Transesterification\/Esterification Catalyzed by Acid Metal Oxide 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Deactivation of Metal Oxide 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Supported Metal\/Metal Oxide Catalysts in Biodiesel Production 119\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePratibha Agrawal and Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Supported Catalyst 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Metals and Metal Oxide Supported on Alumina 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Metals and Metal Oxide Supported on Zeolite 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Metals and Metal Oxide Supported on ZnO 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Metals and Metal Oxide Supported on Silica 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Metals and Metal Oxide Supported on Biochar 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Solid Acid Catalysts 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 Solid Alkali Catalysts 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Metals and Metal Oxide Supported on Metal Organic Frameworks 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Metal\/Metal Oxide Supported on Magnetic Nanoparticles 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Summary 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Mixed Metal Oxide Catalysts in Biodiesel Production 143\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBrandon Lowe, Jabbar Gardy, Kejun Wu, and Ali Hassanpour\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Previous Research 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 State of the Art 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Solid Acid MMO Catalysts 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Solid Base MMO Catalysts 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Solid Bifunctional MMO Catalysts 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Discussion 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Conclusion 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Symbols and Nomenclature 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production 167\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAvinash P. Ingle, Rahul Bhagat, Mangesh P. Moharil, Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum, Shreshtha Saxena, and S. R. Kalbande\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Transesterification of Vegetable Oils 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Conventional Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production: Advantages and Limitations 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Homogeneous Catalysts 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Biocatalysts 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Role of Nanotechnology in Biodiesel Production 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Different Nanocatalysts in Biodiesel Production 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Metal-Based Nanocatalysts 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Carbon-Based Nanocatalysts 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Zeolites\/Nanozeolites 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.4 Magnetic Nanocatalysts 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.5 Nanoclays 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.6 Other Nanocatalysts 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusion 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Sustainable Production of Biodiesel Using Ion-Exchange Resin Catalysts 193\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNaomi Shibasaki-Kitakawa and Kousuke Hiromori\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Features of Ion-Exchange Resin Catalysts 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Cation-Exchange Resin Catalyst 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Notes of Caution When Comparing the Activity of Resins with Different Properties 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 Reversible Reduction of Resin Catalytic Activity by Water 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 Search for Operating Conditions for Maximum Productivity Rather than Maximum Catalytic Activity 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.4 Challenges Regarding One-Step Reaction with Simultaneous Esterification and Transesterification Catalyzed by Cation-Exchange Resin 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Anion-Exchange Resin Catalysts 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Requirements for High Catalytic Activity in the Transesterification of Triglycerides 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Analysis of Previous Studies 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Decreased Catalytic Activity and Regeneration Method 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Additional Functions Unique to Anion-Exchange Resins 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Summary 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Advances in Bifunctional Solid Catalysts for Biodiesel Production 209\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eBishwajit Changmai, Michael Van Lal Chhandama, Chhangte Vanlalveni, Andrew E.H. Wheatley, and Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Application of Solid Bifunctional Catalyst in Biodiesel Production 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Acid–Base Bifunctional Catalysts 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1.1 Oxides of Acid–Base 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1.2 Acid–Base Hydrides 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Bifunctional Acid Catalyst 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.1 Bifunctional Brønsted–Lewis Acid Oxides 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2.2 Heteropolyacid-Based Bifunctional Catalyst 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Biowaste-Derived Bifunctional Catalyst 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Summary and Concluding Remarks 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Application of Catalysts Derived from Renewable Resources in Production of Biodiesel 229\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKanokwan Ngaosuwan, Apiluck Eiad-ua, Atthapon Srifa, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Weerinda Appamana, Doonyapong Wongsawaeng, Armando T. Quitain, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Potential Renewable Resources for Production of Biodiesel Catalysts 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Animal Resources 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.1 Eggshells (Chicken and Ostrich) 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.2 Seashells (Snail, Mussel, Oyster, and Capiz) 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1.3 Bones 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Plant Resources 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.1 Carbon-Supported Catalysts 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.2 Silica-Supported Catalysts 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2.3 Other Potential Elements from Plant Residues 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Natural Resources 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3.1 Dolomitic Rock (Calcined Dolomite and Modified Dolomite) 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3.2 Lime 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3.3 Natural Clays 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3.4 Zeolites 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Industrial Waste Resources 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4.1 Food Industry Wastes 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4.2 Mining Industry Wastes 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Challenges of These Types of Catalyst for Biodiesel Production 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Biodiesel Production Using Ionic Liquid-Based Catalysts 249\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eB. Sangeetha and G. Baskar\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Mechanism of IL-Catalyzed Biodiesel Production 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Acidic and Basic Ionic Liquids (AILs\/BILs) as Catalyst in Biodiesel Production 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Supported Ionic Liquids in Biodiesel Production 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 IL Lipase Cocatalysts 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Optimization and Novel Biodiesel Production Technologies Using ILs 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Recyclability of the Ionic Liquids on Biodiesel Production 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.1 Recovery of ILs 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7.2 Reuse of Ionic Liquids 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Kinetics of IL-Catalyzed Biodiesel Production 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Techno-Economic Analysis and Environmental Impact Analysisof Biodiesel Production Using Ionic Liquid as Catalyst 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Conclusion 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as Versatile Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis 269\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eVasudeva Rao Bakuru, Marilyn Esclance DMello, and Suresh Babu Kalidindi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 Metal-Containing Secondary Building Units 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2 Organic Linker 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.3 Pore Volume 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Biodiesel Synthesis Over MOF Catalysts 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Transesterification Reaction 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1.1 Transesterification at SBUs of MOFs 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1.2 Transesterification at Linker Active Sites 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Esterification of Carboxylic Acids 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2.1 Esterification of Carboxylic Acids at SBUs of MOFs 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2.2 Esterification of Carboxylic Acids at Linker Active Sites 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2.3 Esterification at Pore Volume (Guest Incorporation) 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Conclusion 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 3 Technologies, By-product Valorization and Prospects of Biodiesel Production 285\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Upstream Strategies (Waste Oil Feedstocks, Nonedible Oils, and Unicellular Oil Feedstocks like Microalgae) 287\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAleksandra Sander and Ana Petračić\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 Classification of Biodiesel 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Commercial Production of Biodiesel 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Biodiesel Feedstocks 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Edible Oils as Feedstock for Biodiesel Production 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Nonedible Oils as Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Waste Feedstocks (Waste Cooking Oils, Waste Animal Fats, Waste Coffee Ground Oil, Olive Pomace) 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.4 Unicellular Oil Feedstocks (Microalgae, Yeasts, Cyanobacteria) 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Composition of Oils and Fats 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Methods for Oil Extraction 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Mechanical Extraction 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Solvent Extraction 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Enzymatic Extraction 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Purification of Oils and Fats 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Deacidification 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Winterization 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 Demetallization 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.4 Degumming 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Production of Biodiesel 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Catalysts for Biodiesel Production 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Homogeneous Catalysts 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Heterogeneous Catalysts 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Future Prospects 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Mainstream Strategies for Biodiesel Production 311\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNarita Chanthon, Nattawat Petchsoongsakul, Kanokwan Ngaosuwan, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Doonyapong Wongsawaeng, Weerinda Appamana, and Suttichai Assabumrungrat\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Mainstream Strategies and Technology for Biodiesel Production 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Current Mainstream Operation 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1.1 Batch Mode 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1.2 Continuous Mode 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Process Mainstream for Biodiesel Production Based on the Reactor Types 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.1 Rotating Reactor 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.2 Tubular Flow Reactor 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.3 Cavitational Reactor 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.4 Microwave Reactor 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.5 Multifunctional Reactor (Reactive Distillation, Membrane, Centrifugal Reactors) 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2.6 Other Process Intensification 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Future Prospects and Challenges 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Downstream Strategies for Separation, Washing, Purification, and Alcohol Recovery in Biodiesel Production 331\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eRamón Piloto-Rodríguez and Yosvany Díaz-Domínguez\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Factors Affecting Biodiesel Yield 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.2 Transesterification Reaction Conditions 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.3 Separation After FAME Conversion 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.4 Washing 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Glycerol Separation and Refining 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Membrane Reactors 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Methanol Recovery 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Additization 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Conclusion 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Heterogeneous Catalytic Routes for Bio-glycerol-Based Acrylic Acid Synthesis 345\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eNittan Singh, Pavan Narayan Kalbande, and Putla Sudarsanam\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Acrylic Acid Synthesis from Propylene 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Acrylic Acid Synthesis from Glycerol 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Glycerol Dehydration to Acrolein 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Acrylic Acid Synthesis from Glycerol 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Conclusion 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Sustainability, Commercialization, and Future Prospects of Biodiesel Production 355\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePothiappan Vairaprakash, and Arumugam Arumugam\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Biodiesel as a Promising Renewable Energy Carrier 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Overview of the Biodiesel Production Process 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Evolution in the Feedstocks Used for the Sustainable Production of Biodiesel 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 First-Generation Biodiesel and the Challenges in Its Sustainability 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Development of Second-Generation Biodiesel to Address the Sustainability 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Algae-Based Biodiesel 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Waste Oils, Grease, and Animal Fats in Biodiesel Production 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 Technical Impact by the Biodiesel Usage 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.10 Socioeconomic Impacts 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.11 Toxicological Impact 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.12 Sustainability Challenges in the Biodiesel Production and Use 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.13 Concluding Remarks 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Advanced Practices in Biodiesel Production 377\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eTrinath Biswal, Krushna Prasad Shadangi, and Rupam Kataki\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Mechanism of Transesterification 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Advanced Biodiesel Production Technologies 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Production of Biodiesel Using Membrane Reactor 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1.1 Principle 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Transesterification Technology 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2.1 Principle 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.3 Ultrasonic-Assisted Transesterification Techniques 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.4 Production of Biodiesel Using Cosolvent Method 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.4.1 Principle 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.5 In Situ Biodiesel Production Technology 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.5.1 Principle 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.6 Production of Biodiesel Through Reactive Distillation Process 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.6.1 Principle 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Conclusion 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Future Perspectives 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 397\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407146721623,"sku":"9781119771333","price":126.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119771333.jpg?v=1730498333","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/biodiesel-production-9781119771333","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}