{"product_id":"bats-and-human-health-9781119150039","title":"Bats and Human Health","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAn important resource that reviews the various infectious diseases that affect bats and bat populations\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eBats and Human Health: Ebola, SARS, Rabies and Beyond\u003c\/i\u003e covers existing literature on viral, bacterial, protozoan, and fungal infections of bats and how these infections affect bat populations. The book also offers an overview of the potential for zoonotic transmission of infectious diseases from bats to humans or domestic animals. While most prior publications on the subject have dealt only with bat viral infections, this text closely covers a wide range of bat infections, from viral and bacterial infections to protist and fungal infections.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapters on viral infections cover rabies, filoviruses, henipaviruses, and other RNA viruses, as well as information on bat virome studies. The book then provides information on bacterial infectionsincluding arthropod-borne and other bacteria that affect batsbefore moving on to protist infections, including apicomple\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eForeword xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Brief Introduction to Unique Features of Bats in Relation to Infectious Diseases xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the companion website xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 BAT IMMUNOLOGY 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction to the Immune System of Bats 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 White blood cell count and other serological parameters 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Innate versus adaptive immunity 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 MicroRNA 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Viral Pattern‐Recognition Receptors and the Bat Immune Response to Microbes 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Introduction to the Interferons 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Regulation of interferon production 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 The JAK‐STAT pathway and interferon‐stimulated genes 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Type I interferons 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.4 Type II interferon 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.5 Type III interferons 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.6 Viral avoidance of the host IFN response 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Antibodies and B Lymphocytes 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and Proinflammatory Cytokines 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 T Lymphocytes 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Other Parameters of the Immune Response 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Conclusions 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eII Viral Infections of Bats 25\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 RABIES VIRUS AND OTHER BAT RHABDOVIRUSES 27\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction to the Family Rhabdoviridae 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Lyssaviruses 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Rabies virus 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Other lyssaviruses of bats 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Lyssavirus transmission 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Lyssavirus sites of infection 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Lyssavirus entry into cells 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Prevention of lyssavirus infection 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.7 Immune response to lyssaviruses 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.8 Lyssavirus surveillance 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Other Rhabdoviruses 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 The Kern Canyon serogroup of genus Vesiculovirus 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Kumasi rhabdovirus 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Unclassified rhabdoviruses 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Conclusions 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 HENIPAVIRUSES AND OTHER PARAMYXOVIRUSES OF BATS 53\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction to Paramyxoviridae 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Diseases Associated with Paramyxoviridae 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Henipaviruses and disease 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Morbilliviruses and disease 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Rubulaviruses and disease 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Henipaviruses in Bats 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Henipaviruses in bats from Oceania and Southeast Asia 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Henipaviruses and bats from Africa 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Henipaviruses in bats from Madagascar 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Henipavirus proteins and infection of bats 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Hendra Virus 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Hendra virus in Australian bats, horses, and humans 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 Factors affecting levels of Hendra viruses in bats and the potential for zoonotic transmission 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Nipah Virus 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Nipah virus in humans and pigs 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Nipah virus in bats from Malaysia and Indonesia 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Nipah virus in bats from India and Bangladesh 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Interspecies Nipah virus transmission via date palm sap and bat urine 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Cedar Virus 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Protective Bat Responses to Henipavirus Infection 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 The interferon\/STAT pathway and henipaviruses 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Antibodies and henipaviruses 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3 Apoptosis 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Methods of Preventing Henipavirus Infection 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Rubulaviruses 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1 Bat parainfluenza virus 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.2 Menangle virus in bats and domestic animals 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.3 Tioman virus in bats and humans 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.4 Tuhoko viruses in bats 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.5 Achimota viruses in bats 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.6 Sosuga virus in bats and humans 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.7 \u003ci\u003eJeilongvirus\u003c\/i\u003e in bats 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.8 Mumps‐like bat virus 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.9 Mapuera virus in bats 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Morbilliviruses in Bats 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Belinga bat Virus 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Large, Multiviral Studies of Paramyxoviruses in Bats 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.1 Multiviral paramyxoviruses studies in Asia 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.2 Multiviral paramyxoviruses studies in Africa 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.3 Multiviral paramyxoviruses studies in Madagascar and islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.4 Multiviral paramyxoviruses studies in Oceania 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Conclusions 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 FILOVIRUSES AND BATS 89\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Filoviruses 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 History of filovirus infection 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Filovirus disease 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 The roles of viral proteins 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Marburg Virus 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Marburg virus in humans and bats 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Experimental infection of bats with Marburg virus 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Ebola Virus 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Ebola virus in humans and bats 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Ebola virus and bats prior to the 2014 outbreak 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 EBOV incidence in bats during and after the 2014 outbreak 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Lloviu and Related Filoviruses in Bats 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Seasonality of Filovirus Infection in Bats 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Factors Affecting Zoonotic Infection by Filoviruses 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Filoviruses in Animals Other Than Bats 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Conclusions 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 BATS AND CORONAVIRUSES 111\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 SARS Coronavirus 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 The history of SARS 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 SARS pathology 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Viral and cellular proteins and their role in entry into the host cells 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 SARS in civits and raccoon dogs 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Relatedness of bat SARS‐like CoV to SARS‐CoV 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 MERS Coronavirus 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 MERS pathology 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Viral and cellular proteins and their role in entry into the host cells 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 MERS‐CoV and spillover from domestic livestock 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 Relatedness of bat‐CoV to MERS‐CoV 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Transmission of MERS‐CoV 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Other Coronaviruses of Bats 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Conclusions 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 OTHER RNA VIRUSES AND BATS 139\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Baltimore Class III Viruses and Bats 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Orbiviruses 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Rotaviruses 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Pteropine orthomyxovirus group 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.4 Mammalian orthoreoviruses 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Baltimore Class IV Viruses 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Astroviruses 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Flaviviruses 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Hepeviruses 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Picornaviruses 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Baltimore Class V Viruses 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Bunyaviridae 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Orthomyxoviruses 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Arenaviridae 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Large, Multi‐Virus Studies 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Conclusions 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 BALTIMORE CLASS I AND CLASS II DNA VIRUSES OF BATS 181\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction to Double‐ and Single‐ Stranded DNA Viruses 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Baltimore Class I Viruses 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Poxviruses 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Adenoviruses 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Herpesviruses 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.4 Papillomaviruses 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.5 Polyomaviruses 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Baltimore Class II Viruses 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Parvoviruses 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Dependoviruses 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Circular replication‐associated protein encoding single‐stranded DNA viruses 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Conclusions 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 REVERSE‐TRANSCRIBING BAT VIRUSES AND LARGE‐SCALE BAT VIROME STUDIES 205\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Baltimore Class VI Retroviruses 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Exogenous and endogenous retroviruses and their life‐cycles 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Viral polyproteins 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Retroviral genera 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.4 Endogenous gammaretroviruses of bats and other mammals 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.5 Betaretroviruses of bats and other mammals 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Evidence of Ancient Endogenous Virus Genomic Elements in Bat Chromosomes 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Endogenous bornavirus genomic elements in bat chromosomes 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Endogenous Ebola and Marburg virus genomic elements in bat chromosomes 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Hepadnaviruses – Baltimore Class VII Reverse‐Transcribing DNA Viruses 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Human hepatitis B virus 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Orthohepadnaviruses and bats 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Large‐Scale Bat Virome Studies 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Bat virome studies in North America 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Bat virome studies in Europe 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Bat virome studies in Asia and Southeast Asia 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Bat virome studies in Oceania 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Conclusions 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIII Bacterial Infections of Bats 221\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 ARTHROPOD‐BORNE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF BATS 223\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 \u003ci\u003eBartonella\u003c\/i\u003e 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1\u003ci\u003e Bartonella\u003c\/i\u003e in bats from Asia 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2\u003ci\u003e Bartonella\u003c\/i\u003e in bats from Africa 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 \u003ci\u003eBartonella\u003c\/i\u003e in bats from Europe 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 \u003ci\u003eBartonella\u003c\/i\u003e in bats from the Americas 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 \u003ci\u003eBorrelia\u003c\/i\u003e 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 \u003ci\u003eRickettsia\u003c\/i\u003e 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1\u003ci\u003e Rickettsia\u003c\/i\u003e and human disease 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2\u003ci\u003e Rickesttsia\u003c\/i\u003e and bats 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Bat Ectoparasites As Bacterial Vectors 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Bacteria from bat flies 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Bacteria from bat ticks 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Conclusions 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 OTHER BACTERIA AND BATS 239\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 \u003ci\u003eLeptospira\u003c\/i\u003e 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 \u003ci\u003eLeptospira\u003c\/i\u003e in South America 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2\u003ci\u003e Leptospira\u003c\/i\u003e in Africa 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3\u003ci\u003e Leptospira\u003c\/i\u003e in islands of the Indian Ocean 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4\u003ci\u003e Leptospira\u003c\/i\u003e in Australia 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 \u003ci\u003eYersinia\u003c\/i\u003e 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003ci\u003e Pasteurella\u003c\/i\u003e 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003ci\u003e Mycoplasma\u003c\/i\u003e 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003ci\u003e Waddlia\u003c\/i\u003e 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Rickettsia and Similar Bacteria 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Bat Gastrointestinal Tract Bacteria 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.1 Gastrointestinal bacteria in bats of Southeast Asia and Oceania 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.2 Gastrointestinal bacteria in bats of Madagascar 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8.3 Gastrointestinal bacteria in bats of the Americas 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Large‐Scale Studies of Other Bat Bacteria 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Bacterial Species Beneficial to Bats 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Conclusions 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIV Protist Infections of Bats 261\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 APICOMPLEXANS AND BATS 263\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction to Apicomplexa and Coccidea 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Order Haemosporida 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Invertebrate hosts of Haemosporida 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Bat hosts of Haemosporida 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Order Piroplasmida 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 \u003ci\u003eBabesia\u003c\/i\u003e species and bats 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Other Piroplasmida in bats 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Order Eimeriida 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 \u003ci\u003eToxoplasma\u003c\/i\u003e gondii and bats 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2\u003ci\u003e Eimeria\u003c\/i\u003e species and bats 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Order Adeleida, \u003ci\u003eCrytoporidium\u003c\/i\u003e Species, and Bats 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Conclusions 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 KINETOPLASTIDS AND BATS 285\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Kinetoplastids 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Trypanosomes 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Life cycles of trypanosomes 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 \u003ci\u003eTrypanosomes\u003c\/i\u003e and disease 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 \u003ci\u003eTrypanosomes\u003c\/i\u003e infecting bats throughout the world 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 \u003ci\u003eTrypanosoma\u003c\/i\u003e \u003ci\u003ecruzi\u003c\/i\u003e 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003ci\u003e Leishmania\u003c\/i\u003e 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 \u003ci\u003eLeishmania\u003c\/i\u003e and disease 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2\u003ci\u003e Leishmania\u003c\/i\u003e and bats 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Conclusions 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eV Fungal Infections of Bats 303\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 WHITE‐NOSE SYNDROME AND BATS 305\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction to \u003ci\u003ePseudogymnoascus destructans\u003c\/i\u003e 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 White‐Nose Syndrome 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Arousal, loss of fat reserves, and dehydration 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 The role of torpor in WNS disease dynamics 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.3 WNS and wing damage 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 The Geographical Distribution of White‐Nose Syndrome 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 WNS in North America 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 WNS in Europe 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 WNS in Eastern Asia 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 The Effects of White‐Nose Syndrome on Selected North American Bat Populations 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 WNS and\u003ci\u003e Myotis lucifugus\u003c\/i\u003e 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 WNS and\u003ci\u003e Myotis sodalis\u003c\/i\u003e 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 The Bat Immune Response to White‐Nose Syndrome 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.1 Leukocyte counts 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.2 Antifungal activity in the plasma 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.3 T helper cell activity in infected bats 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.4 Inflammatory activity in infected bats 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.5 Differences in the immune response to WNS in European and North American bats 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5.6 Immune‐mediated pathology in WNS 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Antifungal Agents 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.1 Antifungal compounds 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.2 Antifungal agents derived from bacteria 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6.3 Antifungal agents derived from fungi 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 The Mycobiome of White‐Nose Syndrome‐Infected Hibernacula 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Recovery and Recolonization 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 \u003ci\u003eHISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM\u003c\/i\u003e AND OTHER FUNGI AND BATS 327\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Fungal Species and Bats 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.1 \u003ci\u003eHistoplasma capsulatum\u003c\/i\u003e 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.2\u003ci\u003e Blastomyces dermatitidis\u003c\/i\u003e 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.3\u003ci\u003e Pneumocystis\u003c\/i\u003e 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.4\u003ci\u003e Coccidioides\u003c\/i\u003e 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.5 \u003ci\u003eEncephalitozoon\u003c\/i\u003e 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1.6 Other fungi of bats 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Broad Surveys of Fungi in Bats 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Asia 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Europe 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.3 The Americas 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.4 Fungi inhabiting bat external surfaces 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Experimental Infection of Bats with Fungi 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Immune Response to Fungi 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Yeast in Bats 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 \u003ci\u003eCandida\u003c\/i\u003e 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2\u003ci\u003e Malassezia\u003c\/i\u003e 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Yeasts in Japan 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Conclusions 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVI Zoonotic Disease Transmission and Bats 349\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 ZOONOTIC TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE BY BATS AND OTHER ANIMALS 351\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Zoonotic Transmission of Infection by Bats 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Direct or indirect zoonotic transmission by bats to humans 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Transmission and persistence of viruses within and among bat species over large geographical ranges 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Seasonal changes contributing to zoonotic transmission from bats 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Zoonotic Transmission of Infection by other Animal Species 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Zoonotic transmission by rodents 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Zoonotic transmission by companion animals 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Zoonotic transmission by selected agricultural animals 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Factors that Increase the Risk of Zoonotic Infection by Bats 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Increasing urbanization of bats 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Human activities that increase contact with bats, including the bushmeat trade 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Strategies to Prevent Zoonotic Transmission from Bats to Humans or other Animals 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Conclusions 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 371\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49406997102935,"sku":"9781119150039","price":134.06,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119150039.jpg?v=1730497830","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/bats-and-human-health-9781119150039","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}