{"product_id":"astrobiology-9781119550358","title":"Astrobiology","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Astrobiology 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introductory Remarks 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 The Major Questions of Astrobiology and the Content of the Textbook 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Some Other Features of the Textbook 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 A Brief History of Astrobiology 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Conclusions 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 What is Life? 17\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 The Concept of “Life” 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 What is Life? The Historical Perspective 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Spontaneous Generation 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 More Modern Concepts 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Schrödinger and Life 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Life as a Dissipative Process 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Life: Just a Human Definition? 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Does It Matter Anyway? 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Conclusions 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Matter and Life 33\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Matter and Life 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Life is Made of “Ordinary” Matter 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 The Atomic Nucleus 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Electrons, Atoms, and Ions 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Types of Bonding in Matter 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Ionic Bonding 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Covalent Bonding 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Covalent Bonds and Life 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Metallic Bonding 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Van der Waals Interactions 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Hydrogen Bonding 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 An Astrobiological Perspective 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 The Equation of State Describes the Relationship Between Different Types of Matter 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Other States of Matter 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14 The Interaction Between Matter and Light 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15 Conclusions 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 The Molecular Structure of Life 59\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Building Life 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 The Essential Elements: CHNOPS 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Carbon is Versatile 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 The Chains of Life 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Proteins 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Chirality 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Carbohydrates (Sugars) 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Lipids 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 The Nucleic Acids 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.10 The Solvent of Life 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11 Alternative Chemistries 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.13 Conclusions 84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The Cellular Structure of Life 87\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 From Molecules to Cells 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Types of Cells 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Shapes of Cells 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 The Structure of Cells 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 The Structure of Cellular Membranes 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 The Information Storage System of Life 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Eukaryotic Cells 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 The Reproduction of Cells 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Why Did Sexual Reproduction Evolve? 108\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 The Growth of Populations of Cells 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Moving and Communicating 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 Viruses 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 Prions 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.14 Conclusions 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Energy for Life 121\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Energy and Astrobiology 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Life and Energy 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 The Central Role of Adenosine Triphosphate 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Chemiosmosis and Energy Acquisition 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 What Types of Electron Donors and Acceptors Can Be Used? 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Aerobic Respiration 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Anaerobic Respiration 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Fermentation 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Chemoautotrophs: Changing the Electron Donor 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Energy from Light: Photosynthesis 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Oxygenic Photosynthesis 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Anoxygenic Photosynthesis 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13 Rhodopsins and Photosynthesis 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14 Evolution of Photosynthesis 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15 Global Biogeochemical Cycles 150\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.16 Microbial Mats – Energy-Driven Zonation in Life 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.17 The Thermodynamics of Energy Acquisition and Life 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18 Energy and Life in Extremes 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.19 Conclusions 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 The Limits of Life 161\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 The Limits of Life 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 The Importance of the Limits of Life for Astrobiology 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 The Most Extreme Conditions are Dominated by Microbes 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Life at High Temperatures 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Life at Low Temperatures 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Salt-Loving Organisms 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 pH Extremes 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Life Under High Pressure 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Tolerance to High Radiation 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Life in Toxic Brews 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11 Rocks as a Habitat 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.12 Polyextremophiles – Dealing with Multiple Extremes 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13 Life Underground 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.14 Dormancy in Extreme Conditions 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.15 Eukaryotic Extremophiles 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.16 Are There Other Biospheres with Different Limits? 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17 The Limits of Life: Habitability Revisited 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.18 Conclusions 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 The Tree of Life 189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 A Vast Quantity of Life 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Evolution and a “Tree of Life” 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Classifying Organisms 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 The Tree of Life and Some Definitions 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Problems with Classification: Homology and Analogy 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Building a Phylogenetic Tree Using Genetic Material 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Types of Phylogenetic Trees 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 A Modern View of the Tree of Life 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 Using Phylogenetic Trees to Test Hypotheses 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Complications in Building Trees 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Origin of Eukaryotes 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12 The Last Universal Common Ancestor 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.13 Multiple Origins of Life? 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14 Alien Life 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.15 Conclusions 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 The Universe, the Solar System, and the Elements of Life 217\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Our Cosmic Situation 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 In the Beginning: The Formation of the Universe 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Stellar Evolution: Low-Mass Stars 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Stellar Evolution: High-Mass Stars 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 The Elements of Life 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 The Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 The Sun is a Blackbody 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 The Formation of Planets 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Types of Objects in Our Solar System 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Meteorites and Their Classification 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.11 Laws Governing the Motion of Planetary Bodies 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.12 Conclusions 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Astrochemistry: Carbon in Space 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Astrochemistry: Carbon Molecules in Space 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Observing Organics 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 In the Beginning 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Different Environments for Chemistry 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 How Do Chemical Reactions Occur? 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Forming Carbon Compounds 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Formation of Water 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Interstellar Grains 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Even More Carbon Diversity 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Comets and Organic Molecules 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 The Origin of Chirality 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Laboratory Experiments 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.14 Observing Organic Molecules 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.15 Conclusions 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Early Earth: The First Billion Years 267\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 The First Billion Years of Earth 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Earth Forms and Differentiates 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 The Formation of the Moon 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 The Early Oceans 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 The Early Crust 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 The Early Atmosphere 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 The Temperature of Early Earth 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 The Late Heavy Bombardment 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Implications of the Early Environment for Life 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10 Conclusions 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 The Origin of Life 283\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 The Origin of Life 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 The Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Earth 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Delivery from the Extraterrestrial Environment 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 The RNA World 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Early Cells 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Where Did the Origin of Life Occur? 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 A Cold Origin of Life? 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 The Whole Earth as a Reactor? 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Conclusions 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Early Life on Earth 305\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Early Life on Earth 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Early Life – Metabolisms and Possibilities 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Isotopic Fractionation 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Measuring the Isotope Fractionation: The Delta Notation 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Sulfur Isotope Fractionation 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Using Isotopes to Look for Ancient Life 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Morphological Evidence for Life 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Biomarkers 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9 Contamination is a Problem 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10 Instruments Used to Look for Life 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.11 A Brief Summary 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.12 The Search for Extraterrestrial Life 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13 Conclusions 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 The Geology of a HabitableWorld 329\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 The Geological History of Earth: A Habitable World 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Minerals and Glasses 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Types of Rocks 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 The Rock Cycle 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 The Composition of Earth 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Plate Tectonics 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7 Dating the Age of the Earth (and Other Planetary Bodies) 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8 Age-Dating Rocks 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9 Geological Timescales 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10 The Major Classifications of Geological Time 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.11 Some Geological Times and Biological Changes 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12 Conclusions 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 The Co-evolution of Life and a Planet: The Rise of Oxygen 363\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Dramatic Changes on Earth 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Measuring Oxygen Through Time 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 It Was Not a Simple Rise 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Summarizing the Evidence for the GOE 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 The Source of Oxygen 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Sinks for Oxygen 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Why Did Atmospheric Oxygen Concentrations Rise? 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Snowball Earth Episodes 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9 Other Biological Consequences of the Rise of Oxygen 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.10 Oxygen and the Rise of Animals 377\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.11 Oxygen and the Rise of Intelligence 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12 Periods of High Oxygen 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.13 Conclusions 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Mass Extinctions 383\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Extinctions 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 What is Extinction? 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Five Major Mass Extinctions 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Other Extinctions in Earth History 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Causes of Mass Extinction 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 The End-Cretaceous Extinction 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 The Other Four Big Extinctions of the Phanerozoic 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Do Microorganisms Go Extinct? 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Recovery from Extinction 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Can We Avoid Extinction? 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 The Sixth Mass Extinction? 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.12 Conclusions 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 401\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 The Habitability of Planetary Bodies 403\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 What is “Habitability”? 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 The Habitable Zone 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Maintaining Temperature Conditions on a Planet Suitable for Water and Life 408\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Plate Tectonics and Habitability 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Does the Moon Play a Role in Habitability? 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Other Planetary Factors that Influence Habitability 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Surface Liquid Water, Habitability, and Intelligence 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Habitable Environments Need Not Always Contain Life 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 Worlds More Habitable than Earth? 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.10 The Anthropic Principle and Habitability 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.11 The Fate of Earth 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.12 The Galactic Habitable Zone 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.13 The Right Galaxy? 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.14 Conclusions 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 The Astrobiology of Mars 425\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Mars and Astrobiology 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Martian Geological History: A Very Brief Summary 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 The Environmental Deterioration of Mars 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Missions to Mars 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Mars and Life 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Trajectories of Martian Habitability 451\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7 The Viking Program and the Search for Life 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8 Searching for Life by Investigating Gases 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9 Martian Meteorites 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10 Mars Analog Environments 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.11 Panspermia: The Transfer of Life between Planets? 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12 Conclusions 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Ocean Worlds and Icy Moons 471\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 The Astrobiology of Moons 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 The Moons of Jupiter: Europa 472\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 The Moons of Jupiter: Ganymede and Callisto 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 The Moons of Jupiter: Io 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 The Moons of Saturn: Enceladus 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 The Moons of Saturn: Titan 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Other Icy Worlds 490\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Planetary Protection 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9 Conclusions 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Exoplanets and the Search for Life 499\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Exoplanets and Life 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Detecting Exoplanets 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Exoplanet Properties 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Detecting Life 517\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Surface Biosignatures 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 How Likely are These Signatures? 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Other Ways to Find Life 525\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8 Missions to Detect Biosignatures 526\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9 Conclusions 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 527\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 529\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Methods in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CETI) 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 The Drake Equation 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 The Fermi Paradox 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6 Classifying Civilizations 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7 Policy Implications 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8 Conclusions 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 544\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Our Civilization 547\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Astrobiology and Human Civilization 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 The Emergence of Human Society 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Threats to a Civilization 551\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Climate Change and the Challenge to Civilization 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 The Human Future Beyond Earth 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Settling the Solar System 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Avoiding Extinction or Collapse: A Multiplanet Species 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8 Environmentalism and Space Exploration as a Single Goal? 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.9 Sociology: The Overview Effect 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.10 Will We Become Interstellar? 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.11 Conclusions 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions for Review and Reflection 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBibliography 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix 571\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.1 The Astrobiology Periodic Table 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2 Units and Scales 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2.1 Standard International Base Units 571\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2.2 Basic Physical Constants 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.3 Temperature Scale Conversion 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.4 Composition of the Sun 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.5 Some of the Major Star Types, Temperatures, and Colors 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.6 Three- and One-Letter Designations of Amino Acids 573\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.7 Codon Table for the Genetic Code Associated with mRNA (also shown in Chapter 5; Figure 5.12) 574\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.8 Planetary Data 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.9 Geological Time Scale 576\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 601\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48866402271575,"sku":"9781119550358","price":68.36,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119550358.jpg?v=1722278474","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/astrobiology-9781119550358","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}