{"product_id":"anatomy-and-physiology-for-the-manual-therapies-binder-ready-version-9780470585009","title":"Anatomy and Physiology for the Manual Therapies","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Organization of the Human Body 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Defined 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Levels of Organization and Body Systems 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Life Processes 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Homeostasis: Maintaining Limits 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl of Homeostasis: Feedback Systems 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHomeostasis and Good Health 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Aging and Homeostasis 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Anatomical Terms 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNames of Body Regions 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirectional Terms 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 1.1 Directional Terms 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlanes and Sections 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Body Cavities 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Medical Imaging 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with the Organization of the Human Body 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Introductory Chemistry 28\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction to Chemistry 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Elements and Atoms 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIons, Molecules, and Compounds 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Bonds 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Reactions 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Chemical Compounds and Life Processes 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInorganic Compounds 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic Compounds 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrates 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipids 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProteins 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNucleic Acids 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdenosine Triphosphate 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Cells 47\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 A Generalized View of the Cell 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Plasma Membrane 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassive Processes 51 Active Processes 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Cytoplasm 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCytosol 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganelles 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Nucleus 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Gene Action: Protein Synthesis 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranscription 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranslation 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Somatic Cell Division 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterphase 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMitotic Phase 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Cancer 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth and Spread of Cancer 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCauses of Cancer 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarcinogenesis: A Multistep Process 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment of Cancer 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Aging and Cells 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with Cells 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Tissues 77\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Types of Tissues 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Cell Junctions 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Epithelial Tissue 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Features of Epithelial Tissue 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCovering and Lining Epithelium 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlandular Epithelium 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Connective Tissue 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Features of Connective Tissue 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConnective Tissue Cells 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConnective Tissue Extracellular Matrix 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of Connective Tissues 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Mature Connective Tissue 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConnective Tissues: Diverse and Dynamic 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Membranes 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMucous Membranes 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerous Membranes 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynovial Membranes 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Musular Tissue 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Nervous Tissue 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Aging and Tissues 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExcess Adiposity 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with Tissues 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 The Integumentary System 111\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Structure of the Skin 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidermis 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeratinization and Growth of the Epidermis 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDermis 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin Color 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin Glands 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNails 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Types of Skin 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Functions of the Skin 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidermal Wound Healing 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDermal Wound Healing 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Skin Conditions Important to Therapists 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin Cancer 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurns 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure Ulcers 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Aging and the Integumentary System 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with the Integumentary System 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 5.1 The Integumentary System and Homeostasis 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Bone Tissue 135\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Structure of Bone 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Histology of Bone Tissue 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompact Bone Tissue 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpongy Bone Tissue 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Bone Formation 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntramembranous Ossification 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndochondral Ossification 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Bone Growth 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth in Length 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth in Thickness 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Bones and Homeostasis 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBone Remodeling 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors Affecting Bone Growth and Bone Remodeling 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFracture and Repair of Bone 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Aging and Bone Tissue 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with Bone Tissue 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 159\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Types of Bones 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Bone Surface Markings 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Skull 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Features and Functions 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCranial Bones 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacial Bones 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNasal Septum 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrbits 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eForamina 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnique Features of the Skull 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Hyoid Bone 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Vertebral Column 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal Curves of the Vertebral Column 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervertebral Discs 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParts of a Typical Vertebra 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegions of the Vertebral Column 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Thorax 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSternum 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRibs 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbnormal Curves of the Vertebral Column 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpina Bifida 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with Axial Skeleton 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 195\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClavicle 196\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScapula 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Upper Limb (Extremity) 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHumerus 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUlna and Radius 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIlium 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIschium 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePubis 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalse and True Pelves 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Lower Limb (Extremity) 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemur 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatella 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTibia and Fibula 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArches of the Foot 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 8.1 The Skeletal System and Homeostasis 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with Appendicular Skeleton 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Joints 221\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Joint Classifications 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Fibrous Joints 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSutures 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyndesmoses 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterosseous Membranes 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Cartilaginous Joints 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynchondroses 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymphyses 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Synovial Joints 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure of Synovial Joints 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBursae and Tendon Sheaths 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Synovial Joints 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGliding 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAngular Movements 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRotation 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecial Movements 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Selected Joints of the Body 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 9.1 Temporomandibular Joint 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 9.2 Shoulder Joint 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 9.3 Elbow Joint 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 9.4 Hip Joint 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 9.5 Knee Joint 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 9.6 Ankle Joint 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Arthroplasty 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Aging and Joints 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with Joints 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Muscular Tissue 257\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Muscular Tissue 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctions of Muscular Tissue 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperties of Muscular Tissue 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConnective Tissue Components 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNerve and Blood Supply 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistology 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSliding Filament Mechanism 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuromuscular Junction 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysiology of Contraction 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelaxation 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle Tone 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy for Contraction 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle Fatigue 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygen Consumption after Exercise 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Control of Muscle Tension 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwitch Contraction 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency of Stimulation 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotor Unit Recruitment 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsometric and Isotonic Contractions 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Muscle Spasms 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective Stretching 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrength Training 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Smooth Muscle Tissue 278\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Aging and Muscular Tissue 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with Muscular Tissue 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 The Muscular System: The Muscles of the Head and Neck 284\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLever Systems and Leverage 285 Effects of Fascicle\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArrangement 288 Coordination within Muscle Groups 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles of the Head and Neck 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 11.1 Muscles of Facial Expression 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 11.2 Muscles that Move the Eyeballs and Upper Eyelids (Extrinsic Eye Muscles) 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 11.3 Muscles that Move the Mandible and Assist in Mastication (Chewing) and Speech 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 11.4 Muscles of the Anterior Neck that Assist in Deglutition (Swallowing) and Speech 304\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 11.5 Muscles of the Anterior Neck that Assist in Elevating the Ribs or Flexing the Neck and Head 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 11.6 Muscles of the Lateral Neck that Move the Head 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 The Muscular System: The Muscles of the Torso 316\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 12.1 Muscles of the Abdoman that Act on the Abdominal Wall 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Features of the Abdomen and Pelvis 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 12.2 Muscles of the Thorax Used in Breathing 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 12.3 Muscles of the Pelvic Diaphragm and Perineum that Support the Pelvic Viscera 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 12.4 Muscles of the Neck and Back that Act on the Posterior Head, Posterior Neck, Back, and Vertebral Column 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuboccipital Muscles 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 The Muscular System: The Muscles of the Upper Limb 336\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 13.1 Muscles of the Thorax that Move the Pectoral Girdle 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMovements of the Scapula 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 13.2 Muscles of the Thorax and Shoulder that Move the Humerus 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Features of the Shoulder 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Features of the Armpit 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Features of the Back 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 13.3 Muscles of the Arm that Move the Radius and Ulna 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Features of the Arm and Elbow 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 13.4 Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Wrist, Hand, and Digits 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 13.5 Muscles of the Palm that Move the Digits–Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Features of the Hand 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 The Muscular System: The Muscles of the Lower Limb 369\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction to the Muscles of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 14.1 Muscles of the Gluteal Region that Move the Femur 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Features of the Buttock 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 14.2 Muscles of the Thigh that Move on the Femur, Tibia, and Fibula 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Features of the Thigh and Knee 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 14.3 Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurface Features of the Leg, Ankle, and Foot 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 14.4 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot that Move the Toes 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Muscle Interactions 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Interconnectedness of the Whole Body 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosture and Interactions between Muscles 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 14.5 Contributions of the Muscular System to Homeostasis 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Nervous Tissue 403\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Overview of the Nervous System 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructures of the Nervous System 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctions of the Nervous System 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganization of the Nervous System 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Histology of Nervous Tissue 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurons 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMyelination 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGray and White Matter 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuroglia 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAction Potentials 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConduction of Nerve Impulses 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Axon Diameter 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Synaptic Transmission 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvents at a Synapse 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurotransmitters 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeurogenesis in the CNS 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDamage and Repair in the PNS 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with Nervous Tissue 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 426\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtective Structures 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Spinal Nerves 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConnective Tissue Coverings of Spinal Nerves 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of Spinal Nerves 433\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 16.1 Cervical Plexus 434\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 16.2 Brachial Plexus 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 16.3 Lumbar Plexus 440\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 16.4 Sacral and Coccygeal Plexuses 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDermatomes 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Spinal Cord Physiology 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensory and Motor Tracts 445 Reflexes and Reflex Arcs 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReflexes and Diagnosis 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Traumatic Injuries of the Spinal Cord 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with the Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 463\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 The Brain 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor Parts and Protective Coverings 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain Blood Supply and the Blood-Brain Barrier 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCerebrospinal Fluid 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain Stem 468\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiencephalon 469\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCerebellum 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCerebrum 471\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemispheric Lateralization 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMemory 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectroencephalogram (EEG) 476\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Cranial Nerves 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Aging and the Nervous System 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with the Brain 479\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 The Autonomic Nervous System 483\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Structure of the Autonomic Nervous System 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganization of the Sympathetic Division 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganization of the Parasympathetic Division 488\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eANS Neurotransmitters 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivities of the ANS 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutonomic Reflexes 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAutonomic Control by Higher Centers 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with the Autonomic Nervous System 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Somatic and Special Senses 498\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Overview of Sensations 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDefinition of Sensation 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of Sensations 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Sensory Receptors 499\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Somatic Senses 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTactile Sensations 500\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThermal Sensations 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePain Sensations 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProprioceptive Sensations 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Special Senses and Olfaction: Sense of Smell 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure of the Olfactory Epithelium 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStimulation of Olfactory Receptors 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Olfactory Pathway 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Gustation: Sense of Taste 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure of Taste Buds 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStimulation of Gustatory Receptors 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Gustatory Pathway 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Vision 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccessory Structures of the Eye 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLayers of the Eyeball 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterior of the Eyeball 511\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImage Formation and Binocular Vision 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStimulation of Photoreceptors 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Visual Pathway 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Hearing and Equilibrium 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnatomy of the Ear 515\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysiology of Hearing 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuditory Pathway 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeafness 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysiology of Equilibrium 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquilibrium Pathways 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReflexology via the Ear 519\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Aging and the Special Senses 521\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with Somatic and Special Senses 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 19.1 Contributions of the Nervous System to Homeostasis 523\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 The Endocrine System 527\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Endocrine Glands 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Hormone Action 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTarget Cells and Hormone Receptors 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemistry of Hormones 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanisms of Hormone Action 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl of Hormone Secretions 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior Pituitary Hormones 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePosterior Pituitary Hormones 533\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Thyroid Gland 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActions of Thyroid Hormones 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl of Thyroid Hormone\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecretion 536 Calcitonin 537\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Parathyroid Glands 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Pancreatic Islets 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eActions of Glucagon and Insulin 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Adrenal Glands 542\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdrenal Cortex Hormones 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdrenal Medulla Hormones 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8 Ovaries and Testes 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9 Pineal Gland 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.10 Other Hormones 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHormones from Other Endocrine Cells 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProstaglandins and Leukotrienes 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.11 The Stress Response 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.12 Aging and the Endocrine System 547\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with the Endocrine System 548\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 20.1 Contributions of the Endocrine System to Homeostasis 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood 553\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Functions of Blood 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Components of Whole Blood 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Plasma 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormed Elements 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Hemostasis 563\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVascular Spasm 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlatelet Plug Formation 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Clotting 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemostatic Control Mechanisms 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClotting in Blood Vessels 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Blood Groups and Blood Types 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eABO Blood Group 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRh Blood Group 567\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransfusions 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with Blood 568\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 571\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Structure and Organization of the Heart 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation and Coverings of the Heart 572\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeart Wall 575 Chambers of the Heart 575\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreat Vessels of the Heart 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eValves of the Heart 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Blood Flow and Blood Supply of the Heart 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Flow through the Heart 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Supply of the Heart 579\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMyocardial Ischemia and Infarction 580\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Conduction System of the Heart 581\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Electrocardiogram 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArrhythmias 583\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 The Cardiac Cycle 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure and Volume Changes during the Cardiac Cycle 584\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeart Sounds 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Cardiac Output 586\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation of Stroke Volume 586 Regulation of Heart Rate 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7 Exercise and the Heart 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with the Heart 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation 594\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Blood Vessel Structure and Function 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArteries and Arterioles 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapillaries 595\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVenules and Veins 597\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 Blood Flow Through Blood Vessels 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Pressure 599\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistance 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow 600\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Checking Circulation 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulse 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurement of Blood Pressure 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Circulatory Routes 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystemic Circulation 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePulmonary Circulation 605\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 23.1 The Aorta and Its Branches 606\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 23.2 The Arch of the Aorta 608\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 23.3 Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 23.4 Veins of the Systemic Circulation 612\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 23.5 Veins of the Head and Neck 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 23.6 Veins of the Upper Limbs 615\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 23.7 Veins of the Lower Limbs 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHepatic Portal Circulation 619\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFetal Circulation 620\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 620\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 23.8 Contributions of the Cardiovascular System to Homeostasis 622\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with Blood Vessels 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 The Lymphatic System and Immunity 627\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Overview of Immunity 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Lymphatic System Structure and Function 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLymphatic Organs and Tissues 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Innate Immunity 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst Line of Defense: Skin and Mucous Membranes 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond Line of Defense: Internal Defenses 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Adaptive Immunity 636\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaturation of T cells and B cells 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes of Adaptive Immune Responses 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntigens and Antibodies 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcessing and Presenting Antigens 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB Cells and Antibody-Mediated Immunity 642\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmunological Memory 643\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Aging and the Immune System 645\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 24.5 Contributions of the Lymphatic System and Immunity to Homeostasis 646\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with the Lymphatic System 647\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25 The Respiratory System 651\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 652\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2 Organs of the Respiratory System 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNose 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePharynx 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarynx 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrachea 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBronchi and Bronchioles 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLungs 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3 Pulmonary Ventilation 660\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscles of Inhalation and Exhalation 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure Changes During Ventilation 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLung Volumes and Capacities 662\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreathing Patterns and Modified Respiratory Movements 664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4 Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 664\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal Respiration: Pulmonary Gas Exchange 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal Respiration: Systemic Gas Exchange 665\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5 Transport of Respiratory Gases 667\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygen Transport 667\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDioxide Transport 667\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6 Control of Respiration 667\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory Center 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation of the Respiratory Center 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7 Exercise and the Respiratory System 671\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 671\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 25.1 Contributions of the Respiratory System to Homeostasis 672\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with the Respiratory System 673\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26 The Digestive System 677\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1 Overview of the Digestive System 678\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2 Layers of the GI Tract and the Peritoneum 679\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3 Mouth 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTongue 681\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalivary Glands 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeeth 682\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestion in the Mouth 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4 Pharynx and Esophagus 683\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5 Stomach 685\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure of the Stomach 686\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestion and Absorption in the Stomach 687\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.6 Pancreas 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure of the Pancreas 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePancreatic Juice 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7 Liver and Gallbladder 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure of the Liver and Gallbladder 688\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood Supply of the Liver 690\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBile 690\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctions of the Liver 691\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8 Small Intestine 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure of the Small Intestine 692\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntestinal Juice 694\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical Digestion in the Small Intestine 694\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Digestion in the Small Intestine 694\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsorption in the Small Intestine 695\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9 Large Intestine 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure of the Large Intestine 697\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigestion and Absorption in the Large Intestine 700\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Defecation Reflex 700\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.10 Phases of Digestion 700\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCephalic Phase 700\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastric Phase 700\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntestinal Phase 701\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.11 Aging and the Digestive System 701\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 26.1 The Digestive System and Homeostasis 702\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with the Digestive System 703\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27 Nutrition and Metabolism 707\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1 Nutrients 708\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuidelines for Healthy Eating 708\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinerals 709\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamins 710\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2 Metabolism 711\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrate Metabolism 714\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid Metabolism 716\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein Metabolism 718\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3 Metabolism and Body Heat 719\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasuring Heat 719\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody Temperature Homeostasis 719\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegulation of Body Temperature 720\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with Nutrition and Metabolism 722\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e28 The Urinary System 726\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1 Overview of the Urinary System 727\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2 Structure of the Kidneys 728\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal Anatomy of the Kidneys 728\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal Anatomy of the Kidneys 728\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRenal Blood Supply 728\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNephrons 729\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3 Functions of the Nephron 732\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlomerular Filtration 732\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTubular Reabsorption and Secretion 734\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponents of Urine 736\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4 Transportation, Storage, and Elimination of Urine 737\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUreters 737\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrinary Bladder 737\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrethra 737\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicturition 738\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5 Aging and the Urinary System 739\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with the Urinary System 739\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 28.1 The Urinary System and Homeostasis 740\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29 The Reproductive Systems 744\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.1 Introduction to the Reproductive Systems 745\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.2 Male Reproductive System 745\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScrotum 745\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTestes 745\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDucts 749\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccessory Sex Glands 750\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePenis 752\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3 Female Reproductive System 752\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvaries 752\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUterine Tubes 755\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUterus 755\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVagina 756\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerineum and Vulva 756\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMammary Glands 758\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4 Female Reproductive Cycle 759\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle 759\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhases of the Female Reproductive Cycle 759\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 763\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExhibit 29.1 The Reproductive Systems and Homeostasis 765\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Medical Terms Associated with the Reproductive Systems 766\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix A: Measurements A1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix B: Periodic Table B3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix C: Answers C4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlossary G1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCredits CR1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex I1\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default 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