{"product_id":"an-introduction-to-synchrotron-radiation-9781119280392","title":"An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe updated guide to the fundamental concepts, techniques and applications of synchrotron radiation and its applications in this rapidly developing field\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynchrotron light is recognized as an invaluable research tool by a broad spectrum of scientists, ranging from physicists to biologists and archaeologists. The comprehensively revised second edition of \u003ci\u003eAn Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation \u003c\/i\u003eoffers a guide to the basic concepts of the generation and manipulation of synchrotron light, its interaction with matter and the application of synchrotron light in x-ray scattering, spectroscopy, and imaging.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe author, a noted expert in the field, reviews the fundamentals of important experimental methods, and explores the most recent technological advances in both the latest generation of x-ray sources and x-ray instrumentation. Designed to be an accessible resource, the book contains full-colour illustrations of the underlying physics and experimental a\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbout the Companion Website xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 A Potted History of X-rays 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Synchrotron Sources over the Last Seventy Years 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 The Interaction of X-rays with Matter 19\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Compton Scattering 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Thomson Scattering 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Atomic Scattering Factors 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Scattering from a Cloud of Free Electrons 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Correction Terms for the Atomic Scattering Factor 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 The Refractive Index, Reflection, and Photoabsorption 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 The Refractive Index 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Refraction and Reflection 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Photoabsorption 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 X-ray Fluorescence and Auger Emission 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 X-ray Fluorescence 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Auger Emission 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3 Fluorescence or Auger? 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Concluding Remarks 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Synchrotron Physics 51\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Overview 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Production of Light by Acceleration of Charged Particles 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Forces Acting on a Charged Particle by Electromagnetic Radiation 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Radiation from Relativistic Electrons 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 Synchrotron Radiation 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Bremsstrahlung 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.3 Magnetic Deflection Fields 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.4 Radiated Power Loss in Synchrotrons 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Radio-frequency Power Supply and Bunching 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Photon-beam Properties 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.1 Flux and Brilliance 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.2 Emittance, Radiation Equilibrium, and Quantum Excitation 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.3 Coherence 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7.4 Polarization of Synchrotron Radiation 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 The Magnet Lattice 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.1 Bending Magnets and Superbends 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.2 Betatron Oscillations and the Dynamic Aperture 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.3 Quadrupole and Sextupole Magnets 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.4 Orbit Control and Feedbacks 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8.5 Multiple-bend Achromats and DLSRs 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Insertion Devices 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.1 Wigglers 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.2 Damping Wigglers 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.3 Undulators 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.4 Undulators at DLSRs 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.5 Echo-enabled Harmonic Generation at DLSRs 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9.6 Control of Polarization using Undulators 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Concluding Remarks 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Free-electron Lasers 107\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 XFEL Architecture 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 The SASE Process 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Properties of XFEL Beams 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Tuning the Photon Energy 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Source Fluctuations 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Degree of Monochromacity 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Seeding 118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.1 High-brilliance SASE using an Array of Short Undulators and Chicanes 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5.2 Self-seeding of Hard XFEL-radiation using Diamond Monochromatization 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Radiation Damage and Heat Loads 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Thermal Loads on Optics 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Sample Irradiation 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 XFELs and THz Radiation 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Concluding Remarks 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Beamlines 129\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Front End 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 X-ray Beam-position Monitors 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Primary Aperture and Front-end Slits 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Low-energy Filters 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Basics of X-ray Optics 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Ray Optics 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Spherical Surfaces and Aberrations 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 Wave Optics 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Primary Optics 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 X-ray Mirrors 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Monochromators 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Higher Harmonics 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.4 Double-crystal Deflectors 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Microfocus and Nanofocus Optics 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Compound Refractive Lenses 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Tapered Glass Capillaries 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Fresnel Zone Plates 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.4 Multilayer Laue Lenses 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Beam-intensity Monitors 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Detectors 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.1 Sources of Noise in Detectors 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.2 Photographic Plates 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.3 Scintillator Detectors 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.4 The Point-spread Function 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.5 Crystal Analysers 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.6 Image Plates 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.7 Charge-coupled Devices 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.8 Pixel and Microstrip Detectors 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.9 To Integrate or to Count? 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7.10 Energy-dispersive Detectors 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Time-resolved Experiments 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.1 Streak Cameras 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8.2 X-ray Streaking at XFELs 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Concluding Remarks 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Scattering Techniques 195\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Diffraction at Synchrotron Sources 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Description of Crystals 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Lattices and Bases 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Crystal Planes 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Labelling Crystallographic Planes and Axes 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Basic Tenets of X-ray Diffraction 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Introduction 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 The Bragg Law and Reciprocal Lattice 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 The Influence of the Basis 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Dynamical Diffraction 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Diffraction and the Convolution Theorem 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 The Convolution Theorem 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Understanding the Structure Factor 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 The Phase Problem and Anomalous Diffraction 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Introduction 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 The Patterson Map 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.3 Friedel’s Law and Bijvoet Mates 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.4 Anomalous Diffraction 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.5 Direct Methods 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Types of Crystalline Samples 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Single Crystal Diffraction 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.1 Laue Diffraction 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8.2 Single Crystal Diffraction with Monochromatic X-rays 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9 Textured Samples 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10 Powder Diffraction 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.1 Introduction 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.2 Basics of Powder Diffraction 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10.3 The Pair-distribution Function 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11 Macromolecular Crystallography 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.1 Introduction 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.2 Geometries and Photon Energies used in MX 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.3 Opportunities for MX at DLSRs 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.4 Solving the Phase Problem in MX 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11.5 MX Studies at XFELs 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12 Surface Diffraction 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.1 Introduction 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.2 Crystal Truncation Rods 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.3 Superstructure Rods 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12.4 Data Acquisition 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13 Resonant X-ray Scattering 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14 X-ray Reflectometry 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14.1 Introduction 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14.2 Reflection of X-rays and the Fresnel Equations 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14.3 Thin Films and Multilayers 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14.4 XRR Monitoring of Thin Film Growth 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15 Small-angle X-ray Scattering 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15.1 Introduction 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15.2 Theory 276\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15.3 Practical Considerations 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15.4 Grazing Incidence SAXS 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.16 Concluding Remarks 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Spectroscopic Techniques 303\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 X-ray Absorption Processes 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Energy-level Schemes of Atoms, Molecules, and Solids 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Absorption Features 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Photoelectron Energies, Wavelengths, and Absorption Regions 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 The Universal Curve 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 \u003ci\u003e𝜎\u003c\/i\u003e- and \u003ci\u003e𝜋\u003c\/i\u003e-polarizations 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 X-ray Absorption Near-edge Structure, XANES 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Introduction 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 The XANES Signal 315\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure, EXAFS 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Introduction 318\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 The EXAFS Signal 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.3 Time-resolved Absorption Spectroscopy 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Fluorescence Spectroscopies 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Introduction 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 X-ray Fluorescence 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.4 X-ray Standing Waves 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7 Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy, STXM 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.1 Introduction 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.2 The Water Window 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7.3 Modes in STXM 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8 Photoemission Electron Microscopy, PEEM 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.1 Basics of PEEM 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8.2 PEEM and Magnetic Dichroism 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9 Photoemission Spectroscopy 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.1 Introduction 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.2 Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.3 Soft X-ray ARPES 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9.5 Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10 Concluding Remarks 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Imaging Techniques 367\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 X-ray Computed Microtomography 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 Introduction 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 General Concepts 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Practical Considerations 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.4 Phase-contrast Tomography 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.5 Fast XTM 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.6 Laminography 384\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Full-field Microscopy 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Zernike X-ray Microscopy 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Lensless Imaging 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Introduction 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 Speckle 389\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Noncrystalline and Crystalline Samples 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Oversampling and Redundancy 392\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.5 Ptychography 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.6 Scanning SAXS and Small-angle Scattering Tensor Tomography 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.7 X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Concluding Remarks 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendices\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA Cryogenic Electron Microscopy 403\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eB Some Helpful Mathematical Relations and Approximations 409\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms Made Simple 411\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.1 Introductory Remarks 411\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.2 Periodic Functions 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.3 From Fourier Series to Fourier Transforms 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.4 Mathematical Properties of Fourier Transforms 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eD Argand Diagrams and the Complex Plane 419\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eE Solutions to Problems 423\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.2 Chapter 2 – The Interaction of X-rays with Matter 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.3 Chapter 3 – Synchrotron Physics 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.4 Chapter 4 – Free-electron Lasers 436\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.5 Chapter 5 – Beamlines 439\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.6 Chapter 6 – Scattering Techniques 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.7 Chapter 7 – Spectroscopic Techniques 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.8 Chapter 8 – Imaging Techniques 464\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF Glossary 469\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eG Physical Constants Relevant to Synchrotron Radiation 473\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 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