{"product_id":"an-introduction-to-5g-9781119602668","title":"An Introduction to 5G","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA comprehensive and approachable introduction to 5G\u003c\/b\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWritten by a noted expert on the subject, \u003ci\u003eAn Introduction to 5G: The New Radio, 5G Network and Beyond\u003c\/i\u003e offers an introductory system-level guide to 5G. The material covered includes: \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe use cases and requirements of the 5G system\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe architecture of the next generation radio access network and the 5G core\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe principles of radio transmission, millimetre waves and MIMO antennas\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe architecture and detailed design of the 5G new radio\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe implementation of HTTP\/2 on the service-based interfaces of the 5G core\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe signalling procedures that govern the end-to-end-operation of the system\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003eThe new features that are introduced in Releases 16 and 17\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAn Introduction to 5G\u003c\/i\u003e is written for engineering professionals in mobile telecommunications, for those in non-technical roles such as management, marketing and intellectual property, and for stud\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xxi\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xxiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eList of Abbreviations xxv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Introduction \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Architecture of a Mobile Telecommunication System 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 High-level Architecture 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Internal Architecture of the Mobile 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.4 Coverage and Capacity 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.5 Architecture of the Core Network 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.6 Communication Protocols 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 History of Mobile Telecommunications 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Introduction 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.2 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.3 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.4 Long-term Evolution (LTE) 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.5 LTE-Advanced 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.6 LTE-Advanced Pro 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2.7 Other Mobile Communication Systems 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 The Mobile Telecommunication Market 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.1 Traffic Levels 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.2 Numbers of Subscriptions 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3.3 Operator Revenue 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Use Cases and Markets for 5G 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.1 5G Research Projects 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.2 Enhanced Mobile Broadband 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.3 Massive Machine-type Communications 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.4 Ultra-reliable Low-latency Communication 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.5 Vehicle-to-everything Communication 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4.6 Network Operation 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Technical Performance Requirements 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Technologies for 5G 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.1 Network Function Virtualization 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.2 Software-defined Networking 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.3 Network Slicing 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6.4 Technologies for the Air Interface 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 The 3GPP Specifications for 5G 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8 Architecture of 5G 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.1 High-level Architecture 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8.2 Architectural Options 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Architecture of the Core Network \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e29\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 The Evolved Packet Core 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Release 8 Architecture 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Control and User Plane Separation 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 The 5G Core Network 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Representation Using Reference Points 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Representation Using Service-based Interfaces 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.3 Data Transport 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.4 Roaming Architectures 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.5 Data Storage Architectures 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.6 Non-3GPP Access to the 5G Core 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Network Areas, Slices and Identities 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Network Identities 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Network Slices 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 AMF Areas and Identities 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 UE Identities 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.5 UE Registration Areas 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 State Diagrams 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Registration Management 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Connection Management 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Non-3GPP Access 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Signalling Protocols 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Signalling Protocol Architecture 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Example Signalling Procedures 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 HTTP\/1.1 and HTTP\/2 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Representational State Transfer 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 The HTTP\/2 Data Layer 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.4 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Example Network Function Services 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Network Function Service Registration 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Network Function Service Discovery 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.3 Network Function Service Subscription and Notification 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Architecture of the Radio Access Network \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e55\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Release 8 Architecture 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Carrier Aggregation 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Dual Connectivity 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 The Next-generation Node B 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 High Level Architecture 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Internal Architecture 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Deployment Options 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Architectural Options 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 Multi-radio Dual Connectivity 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Options 1 and 3 – EPC, E-UTRAN and MeNB 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Options 5 and 7 – 5GC, NG-RAN and MeNB 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.4 Options 2 and 4 – 5GC, NG-RAN and MgNB 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.5 Data Transport 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Network Areas and Identities 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.1 Tracking Areas 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.2 RAN Areas 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4.3 Cell Identities 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 RRC State Diagram 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.1 5G State Diagram 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5.2 Interworking with 4G 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Signalling Protocols 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.1 Signalling Protocol Architecture 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6.2 Signalling Radio Bearers 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Spectrum, Antennas and Propagation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e73\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Radio Spectrum 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.1 Radio Waves 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.2 Use of Radio Spectrum 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1.3 Spectrum Allocations for 5G 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Antennas and Propagation 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.1 Antenna Gain 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.2 Radio Propagation in Free Space 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2.3 Antenna Arrays for 5G 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Radio Propagation Issues for Millimetre Waves 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.1 Diffraction and Reflection 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.2 Penetration Losses 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.3 Foliage Losses 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3.4 Atmospheric Losses 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Multipath, Fading and Coherence 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Introduction 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Angular Spread and Coherence Distance 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.4 Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.5 Channel Reciprocity 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Digital Signal Processing \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e91\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Modulation and Demodulation 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.1 Carrier Signal 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.2 Modulation 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.3 The Modulation Process 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.4 The Demodulation Process 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.5 Channel Estimation 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1.6 Adaptive Modulation 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Radio Transmission in a Mobile Cellular Network 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Multiplexing and Multiple Access 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 FDD and TDD Modes 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Subcarriers 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 The OFDM Transmitter 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.3 The OFDM Receiver 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.4 The Fast Fourier Transform 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.5 Block Diagram of the OFDMA Downlink 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.6 Block Diagram of the OFDMA Uplink 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Other Features of OFDMA 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.1 Frequency-specific Scheduling 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.2 Subcarrier Orthogonality 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4.3 Inter-symbol Interference and the Cyclic Prefix 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Signal-processing Issues for 5G 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.1 Power Consumption 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.2 Timing Jitter and Phase Noise 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5.3 Choice of Symbol Duration and Subcarrier Spacing 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Error Management 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.1 Forward Error Correction 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.2 Automatic Repeat Request 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.3 Hybrid ARQ 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.4 Hybrid ARQ Processes 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6.5 Higher-layer Retransmissions 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 116\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Multiple-antenna Techniques \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e117\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Analogue Beam Selection 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.1 Spatial Filtering 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.2 Beam Steering 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.3 Beamwidth of the Antenna Array 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.4 Grating Lobes 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.5 Analogue Signal-processing Issues 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1.6 Beam Management 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Digital Beamforming 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Precoding and Postcoding 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Digital Signal-processing Issues 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.3 Diversity Processing 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Spatial Multiplexing 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Principles of Spatial Multiplexing 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Matrix Representation 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 MIMO and Coherence 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.4 Uplink Multiple-user MIMO 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.5 Downlink Multiple-user MIMO 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.6 Management of Multiple-user MIMO 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.7 Single-user MIMO 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.8 Signal Processing for Single-user MIMO 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.9 Management of Single-user MIMO 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Massive MIMO 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.1 Architecture 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.2 Received Signal Power 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.3 Energy Efficiency 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4.4 Spectral Efficiency 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Hybrid Beamforming 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.1 Partly Connected Architecture 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.2 Fully Connected Architecture 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5.3 Millimetre Wave MIMO 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Multiple Antennas at the Mobile 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.1 Architecture 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6.2 Beam Management 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Architecture of the 5G New Radio \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e145\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.1 5G Protocol Stack 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.2 Dual Connectivity 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.3 Channels and Signals 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1.4 Information Flows 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Frequency Bands and Combinations 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Frequency Bands 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Band Combinations 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Bandwidth Classes 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Frequency Domain Structure 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Numerologies 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Transmission Bandwidth Configuration 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.3 Global and Channel Frequency Rasters 157\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.4 Common Resource Blocks 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.5 Bandwidth Parts 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.6 Virtual and Physical Resource Blocks 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Time Domain Structure 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Frame Structure 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Timing Advance 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.3 TDD Configurations 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.4 Slot Format Combinations 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.5 Resource Grid 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Multiple Antennas 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.1 Antenna Ports 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5.2 Relationships Between Antenna Ports 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Data Transmission 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.1 Transport Channel Processing 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.2 Physical Channel Processing 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6.3 Analogue Processing 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Cell Acquisition \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e173\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Acquisition Procedure 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.1 Introduction 173\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.2 Non-standalone Operation 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1.3 Standalone Operation 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Resource Mapping 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.1 SS\/PBCH Blocks 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.2 Transmission Frequency 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2.3 Transmission Timing 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Acquisition of the SS\/PBCH Block 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.1 Primary Synchronization Signal 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.2 Secondary Synchronization Signal 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.3 Demodulation Reference Signal for the PBCH 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3.4 Physical Broadcast Channel 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 System Information 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.1 Master Information Block 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.2 System Information Block 1 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.3 Other System Information Blocks 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4.4 Transmission and Reception of the System Information 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Random Access \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e183\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Physical Random Access Channel 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.1 PRACH Formats 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.2 Generation of the PRACH Preamble 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1.3 Resource Mapping 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Random Access Procedure 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Random Access Preamble 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Random Access Response 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Message 3 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Contention Resolution 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Contention-free Procedure 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Link Adaptation \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e191\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 CSI Reference Signals 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.1 Transmission and Reception 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.2 Resource Mapping 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.3 CSI-RS Resources 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1.4 CSI-RS Resource Sets 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Channel State Information 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Introduction 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 CSI-RS and SS\/PBCH Block Resource Indicators 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Layer 1 RSRP 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Rank Indication 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.5 Precoding Matrix Indicator 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.6 Channel Quality Indicator 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.7 Layer Indicator 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.8 CSI Reporting 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Physical Uplink Control Channel 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.1 Introduction 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.2 PUCCH Formats 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3.3 PUCCH Resources 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Sounding 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Transmission and Reception 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Resource Mapping 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 SRS Resources 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Data Transmission and Reception \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e205\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.1 Data Transmission Procedure 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.2 Downlink Control Information 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1.3 Radio Network Temporary Identifiers 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.1 Transmission of the PDCCH 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.2 Control Resource Sets 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.3 Search Spaces 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2.4 Reception of the PDCCH 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Scheduling Messages 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.1 DCI Formats 0_0 and 1_0 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.2 Time Domain Resource Assignment 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.3 Frequency Domain Resource Assignment 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.4 Modulation and Coding Scheme 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.5 Other Fields 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3.6 DCI Formats 0_1 and 1_1 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Transmission and Reception of the PUSCH and PDSCH 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.1 Transport Channel Processing 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.2 Physical Channel Processing 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.3 Downlink MIMO 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.4 Uplink Codebook-based MIMO 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4.5 Uplink Non-codebook-based MIMO 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Reference Signals 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Demodulation Reference Signals 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Phase-tracking Reference Signals 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Hybrid ARQ Acknowledgements 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.1 Downlink Acknowledgements of Uplink Data 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.2 Uplink Acknowledgements of Downlink Data 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6.3 Timing of Uplink Acknowledgements 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Other DCI Formats 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.1 Introduction 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.2 Slot Format Indications 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.3 Pre-emption Indications 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7.4 Transmit Power Control Commands 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8 Related Procedures 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.1 Scheduling Requests 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.2 Semi-persistent and Configured Scheduling 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8.3 Discontinuous Reception 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9 Performance of 5G 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.1 Peak Data Rate 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9.2 Typical Cell Capacity 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Air Interface Layer 2 \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e233\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Medium Access Control 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.1 Protocol Architecture 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.2 Scheduling 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.3 Logical Channel Prioritization 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.4 Multiplexing and De-multiplexing 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1.5 MAC Control Elements 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Radio Link Control 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.1 Protocol Architecture 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.2 Transparent Mode 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.3 Unacknowledged Mode 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2.4 Acknowledged Mode 240\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.1 Protocol Architecture 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.2 Transmission and Reception 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.3 PDCP Duplication 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.4 Prevention of Packet Loss during a Change of Node 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3.5 Header Compression 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Service Data Adaptation Protocol 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Registration Procedures \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e247\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Power-on Sequence 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Network and Cell Selection 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.1 Network Selection 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2.2 Cell Selection 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 RRC Connection Establishment 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.1 RRC Connection Establishment with a gNB 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.2 Initial UE Message 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3.3 RRC Connection Establishment with an eNB 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Registration Procedure 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.1 Registration Without AMF Change 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.2 Registration with a New AMF 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4.3 Registration with AMF Re-allocation 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Deregistration Procedure 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Security \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e261\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Security Principles 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Network Access Security 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Network Access Security Architecture 262\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.2 Key Hierarchy 263\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Network Access Security Procedures 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Subscription Concealed Identifier 264\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Authentication and Key Agreement 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Activation of Non-access Stratum Security 267\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Activation of Access Stratum Security 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.5 Key Handling During Mobility 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.6 Key Handling During State Transitions 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.7 Ciphering 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.8 Integrity Protection 270\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Network Domain Security 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.1 Network Domain Security Architecture 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4.2 Network Domain Security Protocols 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Service-based Architecture Domain Security 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.1 Security Architecture 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.2 Initial Handshake Procedures over N32-c 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5.3 Forwarding of JOSE Protected Messages over N32-f 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Session Management, Policy and Charging \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e279\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Types of PDU Session 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.1 IP PDU Sessions 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.2 Ethernet PDU Sessions 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1.3 Unstructured PDU Sessions 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Quality of Service 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Packet Flows, Service Data Flows, and QoS Flows 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 QoS Parameters 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Charging Parameters 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Implementation of PDU Sessions 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 Bearers and Tunnels 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 User Plane Protocols 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 End-to-end Protocol Stack 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Multiple PDU Session Anchors 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.5 PDU Session Anchor Relocation 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Policy and Charging Control Architecture 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 High-level Architecture 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Support for 3GPP Services 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.3 Northbound API 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.4 Charging and Billing System 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 PDU Session Establishment Procedures 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 PDU Session Establishment 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Interactions with the Policy and Charging Control System 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 PDU Session Release 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Traffic Steering 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Traffic Steering Request 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Addition of a PDU Session Anchor 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Change of PDU Session Anchor 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Mobility Management in RRC_CONNECTED \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e307\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction to RRC_CONNECTED 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.1 Principles 307\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.2 Dual Connectivity 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1.3 PDU Sessions 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Measurement Configuration and Reporting 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Measurement Configuration and Reporting Procedure 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Measurement Objects 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Reporting Configurations 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.4 Measurement Gaps 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.5 Measurement Reporting 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Handover Procedures 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Xn-based Handover Procedure 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Path Switch Procedure 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.3 NG-based Handover Procedure 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.4 Handovers Between a gNB and an ng-eNB 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Dual Connectivity Procedures 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Secondary Node Addition 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 QoS Flow Mobility Procedure 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.3 Other Dual Connectivity Procedures 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 State Transitions out of RRC_CONNECTED 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.1 Core Network Assistance Information 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.2 Transition to RRC_IDLE 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5.3 Transition to RRC_INACTIVE 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Mobility Management in RRC_IDLE \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e325\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction to RRC\u003cb\u003e_\u003c\/b\u003eIDLE 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.1 Principles 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1.2 Inactive PDU Sessions 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Cell Reselection Procedures 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.1 Introduction 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.2 Intra-frequency Measurement Triggering 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.3 Intra-frequency Cell Reselection 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.4 Inter-frequency Measurement Triggering 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.5 Inter-frequency Cell Reselection 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2.6 Fast-moving Mobiles 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Registration Updating 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.1 Registration Update Procedure 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3.2 Network Reselection 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 State Transitions out of RRC_IDLE 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Mobile-triggered Service Request 331\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Network-triggered Service Request 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 334\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Mobility Management in RRC_INACTIVE \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e337\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction to RRC_INACTIVE 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.1 Principles 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1.2 Suspended PDU Sessions 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Mobility Management 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 RAN-based Notification Area Update 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Registration Update 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.3 Mobility between a gNB and an ng-eNB 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 State Transitions 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Transition to RRC_IDLE 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Mobile-triggered Resumption of the RRC Connection 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Network-triggered Resumption of the RRC Connection 344\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Inter-operation with the Evolved Packet Core \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e347\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Inter-operation Architectures 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.1 Migration Architecture 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.2 Interworking Architecture 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.3 Signalling Protocols 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1.4 State Diagrams 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Registration Modes 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.1 Single Registration Mode 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.2 Dual Registration Mode 350\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2.3 Temporary Identities 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Use of the Migration Architecture 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.1 Configuration Procedures 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.2 Mobility in RRC_IDLE 352\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3.3 RRC Release with Redirection from RRC_CONNECTED 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Interworking Without N26 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.1 Configuration Procedures 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.2 Mobility in Single Registration Mode 353\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4.3 Mobility in Dual Registration Mode 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Interworking with N26 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5.1 Configuration Procedures 354\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5.2 Mobility in RRC_IDLE 355\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5.3 Handovers in RRC_CONNECTED 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Release 16 and Beyond \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e361\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) Communications 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1.1 Introduction 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1.2 Architectural Enhancements 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1.3 Device-to-device Communications 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Location Services 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.1 Introduction 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.2 System Architecture 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2.3 Enhancements to the Air Interface 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 Integrated Access and Backhaul 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.1 Introduction 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.2 High-level Architecture 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3.3 Architectural Details 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Non-terrestrial Networks 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.1 Introduction 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4.2 Design Challenges 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Massive Machine-type Communications 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.1 Introduction 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.2 Enhancements to the 5G Core Network 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5.3 NR Light 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Other New Features and Studies 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6.1 Enhancements to the Service-based Architecture 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6.2 Support for Vertical and LAN Services 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6.3 Self-optimizing Networks 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6.4 Use of Unlicensed Spectrum 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6.5 Reduction of Cross-link Interference 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6.6 Further Enhancements to the 5G New Radio 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFurther Reading \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e379\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLong-term Evolution (LTE) 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVoice over LTE (VoLTE) and the IP Multimedia Subsystem 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpectrum, Antennas and Propagation 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWireless Communications 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple Antennas 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDigital Signal Processing 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMathematics 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5G System 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5G Air Interface 381\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49407097078103,"sku":"9781119602668","price":79.75,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/an-introduction-to-5g-9781119602668","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}