{"product_id":"an-integrated-framework-for-structural-geology-9781405106849","title":"An Integrated Framework for Structural Geology","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements xvii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWebsite xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 A Framework for Structural Geology 1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.1 Deformation 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.2 Empirical vs. Theoretical Approaches 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.3 Continuum Mechanics and its Applicability to Structural Geology 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1.4 How to use this Book 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Structures Produced by Deformation 10\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Geological Structures 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.1 Structural Fabrics 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.2 Folds and Boudinage 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.3 Fractures and Stylolites 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.4 Faults and Fault Zones 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1.5 Shear Zones 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Additional Considerations 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Microstructures 26\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.1 Overview 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.2 Framework 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1.3 Imaging of Microstructures 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Fractures 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Fault Rocks 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Overgrowths, Pressure Shadows and Fringes, and Veins 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Indenting, Truncating and Interpenetrating Grain Contacts, Strain Caps, and Stylolites 37\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Aligned Grain Boundaries, T Grain Boundaries, and Foam Texture 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Undulose Extinction, Subgrains, Deformation and Kink Bands, Deformation Lamellae, Grain Boundary Bulges, and Core-and-Mantle Microstructure 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Deformation Twins 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Grain Shape Fabrics, Ribbon Grains, and Gneissic Banding 43\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Porphyroblasts 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Crystallographic Fabrics (Crystallographic Preferred Orientations) 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12 Shear Sense Indicators, Mylonites, and Porphyroclasts 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.1 Asymmetric Pressure Shadows and Fringes 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.2 Foliation Obliquity and Curvature 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.3 SC, SC′, and SCC′ Fabrics 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.4 Porphyroclast Systems 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12.5 Precautions with Shear Sense Determination 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13 Collecting Oriented Samples and Relating Sample to Geographic Frames of Reference 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Displacements 66\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Overview 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Chapter Organization 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A Displacements: Conceptual Foundation 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.1 Specifying Displacements or Individual Particles 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.1.1 Basic Ideas 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.1.2 Geological Example 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.2 Particle Paths and Velocities 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.2.1 Particle Paths 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.2.2 Velocities 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.3 Displacements of Collections of Particles – Displacement Fields 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.3.1 Displacement Fields 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.3.2 Uniform vs. Nonuniform and Distributed vs. Discrete Displacement Fields 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.3.3 Classes of Displacement Fields 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.4 Components of Displacement Fields: Translation, Rotation, and Pure Strain 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.5 Idealized, Two-Dimensional Displacement Fields 85\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.5.1 Simple Shear 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.5.2 Pure Shear 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.6 Idealized, Three-Dimensional Displacement Fields 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4A.7 Summary 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B Displacements: Comprehensive Treatment 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.1 Specifying Displacements for Individual Particles 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.1.1 Defining Vector Quantities 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.1.2 Types of Vectors 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.1.3 Relating Position and Displacement Vectors 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.1.4 Characterizing Vector Quantities 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.2 Particle Paths and Velocities 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.2.1 Incremental Displacements for Particles 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.2.2 Particle Paths and Movement Histories 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4b.2.3 Dated Particle Paths, Instantaneous Movement Directions, and Velocities 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.3 Displacements of Collections of Particles – Displacement Fields 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.3.1 Concept of a Displacement Field 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.3.2 Field Quantities 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4b.3.3 Gradients of the Displacement Field: Discrete and Distributed Deformation 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.3.4 Idealized Versus True Gradients of the Displacement Field 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.4 The Displacement Gradient Tensor – Relating Position and Displacement Vectors 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4b.4.1 Components of Displacement Fields: Translation, Rotation, and Pure Strain 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.4.2 Translation Displacement Fields 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.4.3 Rigid Rotation Displacement Fields 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.4.4 Pure Strain Displacement Fields 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.4.5 Total Displacement Fields 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4b.4.6 Using Displacement Gradient Matrices to Represent Displacement Fields 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.5 Idealized, Two- dimensional Displacement Fields 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.5.1 Simple Shear Displacement Fields 111\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.5.2 Uniaxial Convergence or Uniaxial Divergence Displacement Fields 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.5.3 Pure Shear Displacement Fields 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.5.4 General Shear Displacement Fields 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.6 Idealized, Three-Dimensional Displacement Fields 117\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.6.1 Three-Dimensional Simple Shear Displacement Fields 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4b.6.2 Three-Dimensional Orthogonal Convergence and Divergence Displacement Fields 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.6.3 Pure Shearing Displacement Fields 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.6.4 Constrictional Displacement Fields 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.6.5 Flattening Displacement Fields 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.6.6 Three-Dimensional General Shearing Displacement Fields 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4B.7 Summary 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 4-I: Vectors 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-I.1 Simple Mathematical Operations with Vectors 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-I.2 Vector Magnitudes 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-I.3 Properties of Vector Quantities 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-I.4 Relating Magnitude and Orientation to Cartesian Coordinates 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-I.5 Vector Products 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 4-II: Matrix Operations 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.1 Defining Matrices 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.2 Matrix Addition and Subtraction 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.3 Matrix Multiplication 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.3.1 Multiplying Two “2 × 2” Matrices 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.3.2 Multiplying Two “3 × 3” Matrices 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.3.3 Multiplying a 2 × 2 Matrix Times a 2 × 1 Matrix 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.3.4 Multiplying a 3 × 3 Matrix Times a 3 × 1 Matrix 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.3.5 Scalar Multiplication 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.4 Transpose of a Matrix 134\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.5 Determinant of a Square Matrix 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.6 Inverse of a Square Matrix 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-II.7 Rotation Matrices 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Strain 138\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Overview 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Chapter Organization 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A Strain: Conceptual Foundation 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.1 Specifying Strain in Deformed Rocks 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.2 One-dimensional Manifestations of Strain 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.2.1 Basic Ideas 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.2.2 Geological Example 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.3 Two-dimensional Manifestations of Strain 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.3.1 Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.3.2 Shear Strain 147\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.4 Relating Strain to Displacements 151\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.5 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Strain 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.6 Finite Strain Ellipse and Finite Strain Ellipsoid 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.6.1 Finite Strain Ellipse 154\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.6.2 Finite Strain Ellipsoid 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.7 States of Strain and Strain Paths 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.7.1 States of Strain 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.7.2 Strain Paths and Dated Strain Paths 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.7.3 Coaxial Versus Non-Coaxial Strain Paths 164\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.8 Instantaneous Strains and Strain Rates 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.9 Infinitesimal Strains 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.10 Summary 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.11 Practical Methods for Measuring Strain 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.11.1 Using Fabrics to Estimate Strain Ellipsoid Shape 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.11.2 Types of Methods for Measuring Strain in Two Dimensions 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5A.11.3 Measuring Strain in Two Dimensions Using Deformed Markers 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B Strain: Comprehensive Treatment 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4 Relating Strain to Displacements 176\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.1 Longitudinal Strains and Displacement Gradients 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.2 Longitudinal Strains and Position Gradients 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.3 Relating Displacement Gradients and Position Gradients 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.4 Longitudinal Strain in Continuous Deformation 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.5 Consequences of Longitudinal Strains 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.6 Displacement Gradients and Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.7 Position Gradients and Longitudinal Strains in Different Directions 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.8 Relating Displacement Gradients and Position Gradients in Two Dimensions 185\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.9 Area Ratios in Two-Dimensional Deformation 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.10 Discontinuous Deformation in Two Dimensions 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.11 Displacement Gradients and Shear Strains 187\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.12 Shear Strains and Position Gradients 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.13 Applying Matrix Algebra to Two-dimensional Deformation 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.4.14 Applying Matrix Algebra to Three-dimensional Deformation 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.5 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Deformation 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.5.1 Homogeneous Deformation 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.5.2 Inhomogeneous Deformation 198\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.6 Finite Strain Ellipse and Finite Strain Ellipsoid 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.6.1 Homogeneous Deformations and the Finite Strain Ellipse 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.6.2 Working with Strain Markers 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.6.3 Finite Strain Ellipsoid 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.7 States of Strain and Strain Paths 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.7.1 States of Strain 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.7.2 Strain Paths 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.7.3 Velocity Gradient Tensor and Decomposition 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.8 Vorticity 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.8.1 Vorticity Vector 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.8.2 Kinematic Vorticity Number 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5B.9 Summary 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 5-I 214\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Stress 217\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Overview 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A Stress: Conceptual Foundation 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.1 Forces, Tractions, and Stress 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.1.1 Accelerations and the Forces that Act on Objects 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.1.2 Forces Transmitted Through Objects 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.1.3 Traction – A Measure of “Force Intensity” within Objects 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.1.4 Stress 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.2 Characteristics of Stress in Two Dimensions 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.2.1 Normal and Tangential Stress Components 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.2.2 Stresses on Planes with Different Orientations 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.2.3 Principal Stresses and Differential Stress 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.2.4 The Fundamental Stress Equations 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.3 State of Stress in Two Dimensions 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.3.1 The Stress Matrix 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.3.2 The Stress Ellipse 234\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.3.3 The Mohr circle 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.3.4 Hydrostatic vs. Non-hydrostatic Stress 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.3.5 Homogeneous vs. Inhomogeneous Stress 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.4 Stress in Three Dimensions 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.4.1 The Stress Ellipsoid 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.4.2 Hydrostatic, Lithostatic, and Deviatoric Stresses 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.5 Pore-fluid Pressure and Effective Stress 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.6 Three-dimensional States of Stress 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.7 The State of Stress in Earth 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.8 Change of Stress: Paleostress, Path, and History 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.9 Comparison of Displacements, Strain and Stress 257\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.10 Summary 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.11 Practical Methods for Measuring Stress 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.11.1 In situ Stress Measurements 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6A.11.2 Paleostress 268\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B Stress: Comprehensive Treatment 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1 Force, Traction, and Stress Vectors 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.1 Accelerations and Forces 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.2 Traction or Stress Vectors 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6b.1.3 Relating Traction or Stress Vector Components in Different Coordinate Frames 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.4 Stress Transformation Law in Two Dimensions and the Mohr Circle 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6b.1.5 Stress Transformation Law in Three Dimensions and the Mohr Diagram 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.6 An Alternative Way to Define Traction or Stress Vectors 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.7 Determining Stress Principal Directions and Magnitudes 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.8 Stress Invariants 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6B.1.9 Spatial Variation in Stress 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 6-I 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Rheology 292\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Overview 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A Rheology: Conceptual Foundation 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.1 Moving Beyond Equilibrium 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.1.1 Conducting and Interpreting Deformation Experiments 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.1.2 Recoverable Deformation versus Material Failure 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.1.3 Moving from Deformation Experiments to Mathematical Relations 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2 Models of Rock Deformation 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2.1 Elastic Behavior 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2.2 Criteria for Fracture or Fault Formation 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2.3 Yield and Creep 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2.4 Viscous Behavior 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2.5 Plastic Behavior 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.2.6 Constitutive Equations for Viscous Creep and Plastic Yield 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7A.3 Summary 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B Rheology: Comprehensive Treatment 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.1 Combining Deformation Models to Describe Rock Properties 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2 Rock Deformation Modes 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.1 Elasticity 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.2 Fracture or Fault Formation 337\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.3 Differential Stress, Pore Fluid Pressure, and Failure Mode 356\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.4 Yield and Creep 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.5 Viscous Behavior 360\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.6 Plastic Behavior 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7B.2.7 Lithospheric Strength Profiles 363\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Deformation Mechanisms 367\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Overview 367\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A Deformation Mechanisms: Conceptual Foundation 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.1 Elastic Distortion 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.2 Cataclastic Deformation Mechanisms 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.2.1 Fracture of Geological Materials 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.2.2 Frictional Sliding 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.2.3 Microstructures Associated with Cataclasis and Frictional Sliding 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.2.4 Cataclasis and Frictional Sliding as a Deformation Mechanism 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.3 Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.3.1 Diffusion 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.3.2 Grain Shape Change by Diffusion 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.3.3 Microstructures Associated with Diffusional Mass Transfer 387\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.3.4 Diffusional Mass Transfer as a Deformation Mechanism 390\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8a.3.5 Flow Laws for Three Diffusional Mass Transfer Deformation Mechanisms 391\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4 Dislocational Deformation Mechanisms 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.1 Dislocations as Elements of Lattice Distortion 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.2 Dislocation Interactions 403\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.3 Recovery and Recrystallization 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8a.4.4 Microstructures Indicative of Dislocation- Accommodated Deformation 409\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.5 Dislocation Glide: A Deformation Mechanism 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.6 Flow Law for Dislocation Glide 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.7 Dislocation Creep: A Deformation Mechanism 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.8 Flow Law for Dislocation Creep 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.4.9 Other Lattice Deformation Processes – Twinning and Kinking 416\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.5 Diffusion- and\/or Dislocation-Accommodated Grain Boundary Sliding 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.6 Deformation Mechanism Maps 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8A.7 Summary 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B Deformation Mechanisms: Comprehensive Treatment 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.1 Cataclastic Deformation Mechanisms 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.1.1 Joints, Fractures, and Mesoscopic Faults 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B1.2 Fault Zones 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2 Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2.1 Diffusional Mass Transfer Structures 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2.2 Understanding Diffusion Through Crystalline Materials 453\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2.3 The Effect of Differential Stress 455\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2.4 Flow Laws for Diffusional Deformation Mechanisms 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2.5 Paths of Rapid Diffusion – Dislocations and Grain Boundaries 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.2.6 The Effect of Fluid Phases Along Grain Boundaries 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3 Dislocational Deformation Mechanisms 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.1 Origin of Dislocations 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.2 Dislocation Movement 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.3 Dislocation Interactions 467\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.4 Stresses Associated with Dislocations 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.5 Strains Accommodated by the Glide of Dislocations 470\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.6 Constitutive Equations for Dislocation Creep 473\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.7 Recovery, Recrystallization, and Dislocation Creep Regimes 475\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.3.8 Twinning and Kinking 477\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8B.4 Grain Boundary Sliding and Superplasticity 482\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 8-I 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix 8-II 486\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 487\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Case Studies of Deformation and Rheology 496\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Overview 496\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Integrating Structural Geology and Geochronology: Ruby Gap Duplex, Redbank Thrust Zone, Australia 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.1 Geological Setting and Deformation Character 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.2 Microstructures and Deformation Mechanisms 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.3 Rheological Analysis Using Microstructures by Comparison to Experimental Deformation 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.4 Geochronology 508\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.5 Evaluating Displacement Through Time 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.6 Orogenic Development Through Time 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2.7 Summarizing Deformation in the Ruby Gap Duplex 512\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 The Interplay of Deformation Mechanisms and Rheologies in the Mid-Crust: Copper Creek Thrust Sheet, Appalachian Valley and Ridge, Tennessee, United States 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.1 Introduction 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.2 General Characteristics of the Southern Appalachian Fold-Thrust Belt 514\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.3 Deformation of the Copper Creek Thrust Sheet 518\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3.4 Summarizing Deformation of the Copper Creek Thrust Sheet 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Induced Seismicity 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.1 Overview of Induced Seismicity 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.2 Earthquakes in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa 536\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.3 Basel, Switzerland 539\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.4 Blackpool, United Kingdom 540\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.5 Oklahoma, United States 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.6 Koyna and Warna, India 545\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4.7 A Framework for Understanding Induced Seismicity 549\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Using Case Studies to Assess Lithospheric Strength Profiles 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.1 Lithospheric Strength Profiles 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.2 Comparing Stress Magnitudes Inferred from the Case Studies to Lithospheric Strength Profiles 562\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5.3 Recap 564\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Broader Horizons 565\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 566\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 573\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":49529329877335,"sku":"9781405106849","price":36.05,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781405106849.jpg?v=1731875198","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/an-integrated-framework-for-structural-geology-9781405106849","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}