{"product_id":"aerosol-science-9781119977926","title":"Aerosol Science","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis book reviews technological applications of aerosol science together with the current scientific status of aerosol modeling and measurements. The aim is to identify available current information on the effects of aerosols on human health.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of Contributors xiii\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreface xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1. Introduction 1\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMihalis Lazaridis and Ian Colbeck\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Size and Shape 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Size Distribution 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Chemical Composition 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Measurements and Sampling 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2. Aerosol Dynamics 15\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMihalis Lazaridis and Yannis Drossinos\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 15\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 General Dynamic Equation 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Discrete Particle Size Distribution 18\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Continuous Particle Size Distribution 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Nucleation: New Particle Formation 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.1 Classical Nucleation Theory 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.2 Multicomponent Nucleation 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3.4 Atmospheric Nucleation 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Growth by Condensation 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Coagulation and Agglomeration 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.1 Brownian Coagulation 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5.2 Agglomeration 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Deposition Mechanisms 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.1 Stokes Law 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.2 Gravitational Settling 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.3 Deposition by Diffusion 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.4 Deposition by Impaction 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.5 Phoretic Effects 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.6 Atmospheric Aerosol Deposition 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6.7 Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Resuspension 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.1 Monolayer Resuspension 38\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7.2 Multilayer Resuspension 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 41\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3. Recommendations for Aerosol Sampling 45\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlfred Wiedensohler, Wolfram Birmili, Jean-Philippe Putaud, and John Ogren\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Guidelines for Standardized Aerosol Sampling 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 General Recommendations 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.2 Standardization of Aerosol Inlets 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2.3 Humidity Control 49\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Concrete Sampling Configurations 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 General Aspects of Particle Motion 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.2 Laminar Flow Sampling Configuration 54\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3.3 Turbulent Flow Sampling Configuration 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Artifact-Free Sampling for Organic Carbon Analysis 57\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 59\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4. Aerosol Instrumentation 61\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDa-Ren Chen and David Y. H. Pui\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 61\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 General Strategy 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Aerosol Sampling Inlets and Transport 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Integral Moment Measurement 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.1 Total Number Concentration Measurement: Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.2 Total Mass Concentration Measurement: Quartz-Crystal Microbalance (QCM) and Tapered-Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4.3 Light-Scattering Photometers and Nephelometers 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Particle Surface Area Measurement 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Size-Distribution Measurement 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.1 Techniques based on Particle–Light Interaction 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.2 Techniques based on Particle Inertia 71\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.3 Techniques based on Particle Electrical Mobility 74\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6.4 Techniques based on Particle Diffusion 77\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Chemical Composition Measurement 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Conclusion 80\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5. Filtration Mechanisms 89\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSarah Dunnett\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Deposition Mechanisms 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.1 Flow Models 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.2 Diffusional Deposition 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.3 Deposition by Interception 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.4 Deposition due to Inertial Impaction 99\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.5 Gravitational Deposition 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2.6 Electrostatic Deposition 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Factors Affecting Efficiency 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.1 Particle Rebound 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3.2 Particle Loading 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Filter Randomness 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Applications 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Conclusions 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNomenclature 110\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6. Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols 119\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eSagnik Dey and Sachchida Nand Tripathi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 119\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Surface-Based Remote Sensing 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.1 Passive Remote Sensing 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2.2 Active Remote Sensing 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Satellite-Based Remote Sensing 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.1 Passive Remote Sensing 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.2 Active Spaceborne Lidar 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3.3 Applications of Satellite-Based Aerosol Products 136\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Summary and Future Requirements 141\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 142\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7. Atmospheric Particle Nucleation 153\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMikko Sipilä, Katrianne Lehtipalo, and Markku Kulmala\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 General Relevance 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Detection of Atmospheric Nanoparticles 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.1 Condensation Particle Counting 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.2 Electrostatic Methods 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2.3 Mass Spectrometric Methods for Cluster Detection 160\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Atmospheric Observations of New Particle Formation 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.1 Nucleation 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3.2 Growth 165\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Laboratory Experiments 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.1 Sulfuric Acid Nucleation 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4.2 Hunt for Compound X 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges 169\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8. Atmospheric Aerosols and Climate Impacts 181\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eMaria Kanakidou\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Global Aerosol Distributions 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Aerosol Climate Impacts 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Simulations of Global Aerosol Distributions 186\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Extinction of Radiation by Aerosols (Direct Effect) 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5.1 Aerosol Optical Depth and Direct Radiative Forcing of Aerosol Components 193\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Aerosols and Clouds (Indirect Effect) 194\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6.1 How Aerosols Become CCNs and Grow into Cloud Droplets 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Radiative Forcing Estimates 200\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 The Way Forward 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9. Air Pollution and Health and the Role of Aerosols 207\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePat Goodman and Otto Hänninen\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Background 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Size Fractions 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Which Pollution Particle Sizes Are Important? 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 What Health Outcomes Are Associated with Exposure to Air Pollution? 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Sources of Atmospheric Aerosols 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Particle Deposition in the Lungs 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Aerosol Interaction Mechanisms in the Human Body 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Human Respiratory Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Cardiovascular Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.10 Conclusions and Recommendations 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10. Pharmaceutical Aerosols and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 221\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eDarragh Murnane, Victoria Hutter, and Marie Harang\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 221\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Pharmaceutical Aerosols in Disease Treatment 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.1 Asthma 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.3 Cystic Fibrosis 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.4 Respiratory Tract Infection 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2.5 Beyond the Lung: Systemic Drug Delivery 225\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Aerosol Physicochemical Properties of Importance in Lung Deposition 226\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 The Fate of Inhaled Aerosol Particles in the Lung 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.1 Paracellular Transport 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.2 Transcellular Transport 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.3 Carrier-Mediated Transport 230\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4.4 Models for Determining the Fate of Inhaled Aerosols 231\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Production of Inhalable Particles 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.1 Particle Attrition and Milling 233\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5.2 Constructive Particle Production 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Aerosol Generation and Delivery Systems for Pulmonary Therapy 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.1 Nebulised Disease Therapies 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.2 Pressurised Metered-Dose Inhaler Systems 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.3 Dry-Powder Inhalation 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6.4 Advancing Drug-Delivery Strategies 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Product Performance Testing 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.1 Total-Emitted-Dose Testing 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7.2 Aerodynamic Particle Size Determination: Inertial Impaction Analysis 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 Conclusion and Outlook 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11. Bioaerosols and Hospital Infections 271\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKa man Lai, Zaheer Ahmad Nasir, and Jonathon Taylor\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 The Importance of Bioaerosols and Infections 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Bioaerosol-Related Infections in Hospitals 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Bioaerosol Properties and Deposition in Human Respiratory Systems 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Chain of Infection and Infection Control in Hospitals 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Application of Aerosol Science and Technology in Infection Control 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.1 Understanding Hospital Aerobiology and Infection Control 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.2 Bioaerosol Experiments and Models 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.3 Numerical Analysis of Particle Dispersion in Hospitals 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5.4 Air-Cleaning Technologies 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Conclusion 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12. Nanostructured Material Synthesis in the Gas Phase 291\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003ePeter V. Pikhitsa and Mansoo Choi\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Aerosol-Based Synthesis 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Flame Synthesis 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Flame and Laser Synthesis 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Laser-Induced Synthesis 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Metal-Powder Combustion 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Spark Discharge 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Assembling Useful Nanostructures 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9 Conclusions 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13. The Safety of Emerging Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials 327\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eL. Reijnders\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Human Health and Inhaled Persistent Engineered Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Human Health Hazards and Risks Linked to the Ingestion of Persistent Inorganic Nanomaterials 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Ecotoxicity of Persistent Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Conclusion 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14. Environmental Health in Built Environments 345\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eZaheer Ahmad Nasir\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Environmental Hazards and Built Environments 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Particulate Contaminants 348\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2.1 Transport and Behaviour of Particles in Built Environments 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Gas Contaminants 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.1 Biological Hazards 351\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.2 Physical Hazards 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.3 Ergonomic Hazards 358\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.4 Ventilation and Environmental Hazards 359\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3.5 Energy-Efficient Built Environments, Climate Change and Environmental Health 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15. Particle Emissions from Vehicles 369\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJonathan Symonds\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Engine Concepts and Technologies 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.1 Air–Fuel Mixture 370\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.2 Spark-Ignition Engines 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.3 Compression-Ignition Engines 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.4 Two-Stroke Engines 372\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2.5 Gas-Turbine Engines 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Particle Formation 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.1 In-Cylinder Formation 373\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.2 Evolution in the Exhaust and Aftertreatment Systems 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.3 Noncombustion Particle Sources 375\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3.4 Evolution in the Environment 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Impact of Vehicle Particle Emissions 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.1 Health and Environmental Effects 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4.2 Legislation 376\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Sampling and Measurement Techniques 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.1 Sample Handling 378\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.2 Mass Measurement 379\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.3 Solid-Particle-Number Measurement 380\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.4 Sizing Techniques 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5.5 Morphology Determination 382\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Amelioration Techniques 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.1 Fuel Composition 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.2 Control by Engine Design and Calibration 385\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6.3 Particulate Filters 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 388\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16. Movement of Bioaerosols in the Atmosphere and the Consequences for Climate and Microbial Evolution 393\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eCindy E. Morris, Christel Leyronas, and Philippe C. Nicot\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 Emission: Launch into the Atmosphere 395\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.1 Active Release 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.2 Passive Release 397\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2.3 Quantifying Emissions 398\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Transport in the Earth’s Boundary Layer 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.1 Motors of Transport 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3.2 Quantifying Near-Surface Flux 400\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Long-Distance Transport: From the Boundary Layer into the Free Troposphere 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.1 Scale of Horizontal Long-Distance Transport 404\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4.2 Altitude of Long-Distance Transport 405\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Interaction of Microbial Aerosols with Atmospheric Processes 406\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Implications of Aerial Transport for Microbial Evolutionary History 407\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 410\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17. Disinfection of Airborne Organisms by Ultraviolet-C Radiation and Sunlight 417\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eJana S. Kesavan and Jose-Luis Sagripanti\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 UV Radiation 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Sunlight 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Selected Organisms 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.1 Bacterial Endospores 421\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.2 Vegetative Bacteria 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4.3 Viruses 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Effects of UV Light on Aerosolized Organisms 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.1 Cell Damage Caused By UV Radiation 423\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.2 Photorepair 424\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.3 Typical Survival Curve for UV Exposure 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.4 The UV Rate Constant 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.5 RH and Temperature Effects 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5.6 Bacterial Clusters 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Disinfection of Rooms Using UV-C Radiation 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7 Sunlight Exposure Studies 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8 Testing Considerations 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8.1 Test Methodology in Our Laboratory 432\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9 Discussion 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 435\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18. Radioactive Aerosols: Tracers of Atmospheric Processes 441\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003ci\u003eKatsumi Hirose\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 441\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Origin of Radioactive Aerosols 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.1 Natural Radionuclides 442\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2.2 Anthropogenic Radionuclides 444\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Tracers of Atmospheric Processes 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.1 Transport of Radioactive Aerosols 446\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.2 Dry Deposition 448\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.3 Wet Deposition 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.4 Resuspension 450\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.5 Other Processes 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.6 Application of Multitracers 452\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3.7 Atmospheric Residence Time of Radioactive Aerosols 454\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Tracer of Environmental Change 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Conclusion 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences 461\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 469\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Wiley","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51769057116503,"sku":"9781119977926","price":133.9,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781119977926.jpg?v=1758719485","url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/products\/aerosol-science-9781119977926","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}