{"product_id":"a-problemsolving-approach-to-aquatic-chemistry-9781119884347","title":"A ProblemSolving Approach to Aquatic Chemistry","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreface xix\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart I Fundamental Concepts\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1 Getting Started with the Fundamental Concepts 3\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Introduction 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Why Calculate Chemical Species Concentrations at Equilibrium? 3\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Primary Variables: Importance of pH and pe 6\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Properties of Water 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 Part I Roadmap 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6 Chapter Summary 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury be Formed Chemically in Water? 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: S.P.L. Sørensen and the p in pH 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2 Concentration Units 13\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Introduction 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Units Analysis 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Molar Concentration Units 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Mass Concentration Units 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 Dimensionless Concentration Units 24\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Equivalents 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7 Review of Units Interconversion 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8 Common Concentration Units in the Gas Phase 27\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9 Common Concentration Units in the Solid Phase 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.10 Activity 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11 Chapter Summary 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury Be Formed Chemically in Water? 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Amadea Avogadro and Avogadro’s Number 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 34\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3 Thermodynamic Basis of Equilibrium 35\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Introduction 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Thermodynamic Properties 36\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Why Do We Need Thermodynamics to Calculate Species Concentrations? 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Thermodynamic Laws 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Gibbs Free Energy 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6 Properties of Thermodynamic Functions 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7 Changes in Thermodynamic Properties During Chemical Reactions 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8 Relating Gibbs Free Energy to Species Concentrations 55\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9 Chemical Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 60\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10 Chapter Summary 62\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury Be Formed Chemically in Water? 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Josiah Willard Gibbs 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 67\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 68\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4 Manipulating Equilibrium Expressions 69\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Introduction 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Chemical and Mathematical Forms of Equilibria 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Units of Equilibrium Constants 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Reversing Equilibria 75\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Effects of Stoichiometry 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6 Adding Equilibria 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7 Creating Equilibria 81\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8 Chapter Summary 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9 Part I Case Study: Can Methylmercury Be Formed Chemically in Water? 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 88\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Henri- Louis Le Châtelier and Le Châtelier’s Principle 89\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart II Solving Chemical Equilibrium Problems\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5 Getting Started withSolving Equilibrium Problems 95\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Introduction 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 A Framework for Solving Chemical Equilibrium Problems 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Introduction to Defining the Chemical System 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 Introduction to Enumerating Chemical Species 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Introduction to Defining the Constraints on Species Concentrations 98\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Part II Roadmap 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Chapter Summary 100\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: “Active Mass” and Familial Relations 102\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6 Setting Up Chemical Equilibrium Calculations 105\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Introduction 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Defining the Chemical System 105\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Enumerating Chemical Species 106\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Defining the Constraints on Species Concentrations 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Review of Procedures for Setting up Equilibrium Systems 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Concise Mathematical Form for Equilibrium Systems 121\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Chapter Summary 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 123\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Salts of the Ocean 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 130\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7 Algebraic Solutions to Chemical Equilibrium Problems 131\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Introduction 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Background on Algebraic Solutions 131\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Method of Substitution 133\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Method of Approximation 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Chapter Summary 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChapter Key Ideas 152\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: What’s in a Name? 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8 Graphical Solutions to Chemical Equilibrium Problems 155\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Introduction 155\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Log Concentration and pC- pH Diagrams 156\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Using pC- pH Diagrams with More Complex Systems 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Special Shortcuts for Monoprotic Acids 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 When Graphical Methods Fail: The Proton Condition 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Chapter Summary 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Who Was First? 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 181\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Reference 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9 Computer Solutions to Chemical Equilibrium Problems 183\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Introduction 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 Chapter Problem 183\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Spreadsheet Solutions 184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Equilibrium Calculation Software 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Nanoql SE 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 The Tableau Method and Other Equilibrium Calculation Apps 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Visual MINTEQ 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Chapter Summary 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9 Part II Case Study: Have You Had Your Zinc Today? 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: ALGOL to VBA 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart III Acid–Base Equilibria in Homogenous Aqueous Systems\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10 Getting Started with Acid–Base Equilibrium in Homogenous Aqueous Systems 209\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Introduction 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Homogeneous Systems 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 Types of Reactions in Homogeneous Systems 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 The Wonderful World of Acids and Bases 212\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Part III Roadmap 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Chapter Summary 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Part III Case Study: Acid Rain 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: “An Evil of the Highest Magnitude” 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 218\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11 Acids and Bases 219\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1 Introduction 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2 Definitions of Acids and Bases 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3 Acid and Base Strength 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4 Polyprotic Acids 228\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5 Alpha Values (Distribution Functions) 236\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6 Chapter Summary 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.7 Part II Case Study: Acid Rain 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Why Is a Base a Base? 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddendum: A Surprising Exact Solution 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12 Acid–Base Titrations 249\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1 Introduction 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2 Principles of Acid–Base Titrations 250\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3 Equivalence Points 255\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4 Titration of Polyprotic Acids 265\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5 Buffers 269\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6 Interpretation of Acid–Base Titration Curves with Complex Mixtures 277\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7 Chapter Summary 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8 Part III Case Study: Acid Rain 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Mohr about Titrations 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 286\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13 Alkalinity and Acidity 287\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1 Introduction 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2 Alkalinity and the Acid Neutralizing Capacity 287\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3 Alkalinity and the Charge Balance 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4 Characteristics of Alkalinity and Acidity 292\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5 Using the Definitions of Alkalinity to Solve Problems 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6 Effects of Other Weak Acids and Bases on Alkalinity 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7 Chapter Summary 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8 Part III Case Study: Acid Rain 310\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 312\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Can You Pass the Litmus Test? 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 314\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart IV Other Equilibria in Homogenous Aqueous Systems\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14 Getting Started with Other Equilibria in Homogeneous Aqueous Systems 319\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1 Introduction 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2 Electron- Sharing Reactions 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3 Electron Transfer 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4 Part IV Roadmap 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5 Chapter Summary 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6 Part IV Case Study: Which Form of Copper Plating Should You Use? 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Hauptvalenz and Nebenvalenz 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 325\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15 Complexation 327\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1 Introduction 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2 Metals 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3 Ligands 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4 Equilibrium Calculations with Complexes 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5 Systems with Several Metals and Ligands 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6 Applications of Complexation Chemistry 357\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7 Chapter Summary 361\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8 Part IV Case Study: Which Form of Copper Plating Should You Use? 362\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 364\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 365\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: British Anti- Lewisite – A WMD- Inspired Ligand 366\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 368\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 369\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16 Oxidation and Reduction 371\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1 Introduction 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2 A Few Definitions 371\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3 Balancing Redox Reactions 374\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4 Which Redox Reactions Occur? 383\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5 Redox Thermodynamics and Oxidant and Reductant Strength 386\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6 Manipulating Half Reactions 393\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7 Algebraic Equilibrium Calculations in Systems Undergoing Electron Transfer 396\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8 Graphical Representations of Systems Undergoing Electron Transfer 399\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9 Applying Redox Equilibrium Calculations to the Real World 413\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.10 Chapter Summary 414\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11 Part IV Case Study: Which Form of Copper Plating Should You Use? 415\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 417\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 418\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Walther Hermann Nernst 419\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 420\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 422\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart V Heterogeneous Systems\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17 Getting Started with Heterogeneous Systems 425\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1 Introduction 425\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2 Equilibrium Exchange Between Gas and Aqueous Phases 426\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3 Equilibrium Exchange Between Solid and Aqueous Phases 427\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4 Part V Roadmap 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5 Chapter Summary 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6 Part V Case Study: The Killer Lakes 428\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: “A Spirit Case and a Gasogene” 429\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 430\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18 Gas–Liquid Equilibria 431\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1 Introduction 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2 Raoult’s Law and Henry’s Law 431\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3 Equilibrium Calculations Involving Gas–Liquid Equilibria 438\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4 Dissolved Carbon Dioxide 449\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5 Chapter Summary 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6 Part V Case Study: The Killer Lakes 456\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 457\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 458\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: A Brief History of Carbon Dioxide 459\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 460\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 462\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19 Solid–Liquid Equilibria 463\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1 Introduction 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2 Saturation and the Activity of Pure Solids 463\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3 Equilibrium Calculations with Solid–Liquid Equilibria 466\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4 Factors Affecting Metal Solubility 474\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5 Solubility of Calcium Carbonate 480\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6 Models for the Acid–Base Chemistry of Natural Waters 484\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.7 Chapter Summary 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8 Part V Case Study: The Killer Lakes 491\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 492\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Black Smokers and White Smokers 493\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 494\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddendum: Information Requirements 497\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 498\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart VI Beyond Dilute Solutions at Equilibrium\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20 Getting Started with Beyond Dilute Solutions at Equilibrium 501\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1 Introduction 501\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2 Extensions to Nonideal and Nonstandard Conditions 502\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.3 The Strange World of Surfaces 503\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4 Nonequilibrium Conditions 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5 Integrated Case Studies 504\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6 Part VI Roadmap 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7 Chapter Summary 505\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: “Harcourt, Come to Me!” 506\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 507\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21 Thermodynamics Revisited: The Effects of Ionic Strength, Temperature, and Pressure 509\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1 Introduction 509\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.2 Effects of Ionic Strength 510\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3 Effects of Temperature on Equilibrium Constants 522\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.4 Effects of Pressure on Equilibrium Constants 528\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5 Chapter Summary 529\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 530\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff 531\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 532\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 534\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22 Aquatic Chemistry ofSurfaces 535\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1 Introduction 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2 Nomenclature 535\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3 Isotherms and Ion Exchange 538\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4 Introduction to Surface Complexation Modeling 543\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5 Surface Complexation Modeling 546\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6 Chapter Summary 552\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 553\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: From “Cat’s Cradle” to the “Swiss Model” to Surface Complexation Modeling 554\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 555\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAddendum: The Freundlich Isotherm and Adsorption Equilibria 556\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 557\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23 Chemical Kinetics of Aquatic Systems 559\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1 Introduction 559\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2 The Need for Chemical Kinetics 560\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3 Reaction Rates 561\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4 Common Rate Expressions 569\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5 More Complex Kinetic Forms 577\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6 Effects of Temperature and Ionic Strength on Kinetics 582\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.7 Chapter Summary 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 587\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 588\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Arrhenius, Chick, and Foote 589\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProblems 590\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 592\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24 Putting It All Together: Integrated Case Studies in Aquatic Chemistry 593\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1 Introduction 593\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2 Integrated Case Study 1: Metal Finishing 594\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3 Integrated Case Study 2: Oxidation of Fe(+II) by Oxygen 598\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4 Integrated Case Study 3: Inorganic Mercury Chemistry in Natural Waters 603\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5 Integrated Case Study 4: Phosphate Buffers 607\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6 Integrated Case Study 5: Global Climate Change 610\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7 Chapter Summary 613\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical Note: Stumm and Morgan 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 614\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix A: Background Information 617\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.1 Introduction 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.2 Chemical Principles 617\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.3 Mathematical Principles 619\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA.4 Spreadsheet Skills 620\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUseful Physical Constants and Conversions 623\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix B: Equilibrium Revisited 625\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.1 Introduction 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.2 Equilibrium and Steady State 625\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB.3 Energy Minimization and Algebraic Solutions 628\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Key Ideas 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Glossary 631\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix C: Summary of Procedures 633\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.1 Oxidation States and Balancing Reactions 633\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.2 Setting Up Chemical Equilibrium Systems (Section 6.5) 634\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.3 Algebraic Solution Techniques 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.4 Graphical Solutions 635\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.5 Computer Solutions: Tableau Method (Section 9.6.6) 637\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.6 Acid–Base Titrations 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.7 Complexation (Section 15.4.4) 638\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.8 Ionic Strength Effects (Section 21.2.7) 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.9 Surface Complexation Modeling Method (Section 22.5.4) 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC.10 Chemical Kinetics (Section 23.3.4) 639\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix D: Selected Equilibrium Constants 641\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter References 651\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix E: Animations and Example Spreadsheet Files 653\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.1 Introduction to Animations 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.2 Variation of the Equilibrium pH of a Monoprotic Acid Solution with the Total Acid Concentration and K a 653\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.3 How to Draw pC- pH Diagrams for Monoprotic Acids 654\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.4 Equilibrium pH During the Titration of a Monoprotic Acid with a Strong Base 656\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eE.5 Spreadsheet Examples 657\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAppendix F: Nanoql SE 661\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.1 Introduction 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.2 Entering Your System 661\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.3 How to Solve Systems and Vary System Parameters 663\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eF.4 Nanoql SE Examples 666\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChapter Reference 668\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 669\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiographical Index 677\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley \u0026 Sons Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default 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