{"title":"Philosophy: logic Books","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"on-purpose-9780008588465","title":"On Purpose","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTen essays on how reading and meaningfully engaging with literature can help us live better, more purposeful lives.How do we live fully?How do we live successfully?Adrift in an anchorless world, we often worry about where we are heading. What meaning can we hope to find in our modern, secular life? The answer, Ben Hutchinson explains, can be found by looking to writers and thinkers to help us live more purposefully, more mindfully  more fully.Interweaving his own (mis-)adventures with those of authors such as T.S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf, Marcel Proust and Joan Didion, On Purpose proposes ten ways in which reading and writing encourage us to ask difficult questions, project our minds into the past and future, and see ourselves and others differently.Engaging, uplifting and aphoristic, this book is for anyone who has lost their sense of direction or wishes to radically transform the way they live.","brand":"HarperCollins Publishers","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47832559386967,"sku":"9780008588465","price":11.69,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780008588465.jpg?v=1710335429"},{"product_id":"simply-philosophy-9780241446690","title":"Simply Philosophy","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","brand":"Dorling Kindersley Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47832761401687,"sku":"9780241446690","price":9.49,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780241446690.jpg?v=1710337840"},{"product_id":"logic-the-ancient-art-of-reason-9781904263920","title":"Logic: The Ancient Art of Reason","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHow do you tell what's right from what's wrong? Can you always? What's the difference between deduction, induction and abduction? What are the best techniques for making an argument logically sound? In this fascinating little book, the smallest on its subject ever produced, philosopher Dr Earl Fontainelle explores the ancient art of Logic and demonstrates some of the techniques that have long been used to triumph over the debates and deceptions which assail us every day.","brand":"Wooden Books","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47850619568471,"sku":"9781904263920","price":8.18,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781904263920.jpg?v=1710616694"},{"product_id":"reason-to-be-happy-why-logical-thinking-is-the-key-to-a-better-life-9781911709251","title":"Reason to Be Happy: Why logical thinking is the","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003e'Reason to Be Happy \u003c\/i\u003eis a wise and witty book that shows how thinking clearly can help us find happiness in our daily lives, get more of what we want, and even make the world a better place' Hannah Fry\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWhy do our friends have more friends than we do? How do you book the best available seats on a plane? And if jogging for ten minutes adds eight minutes to our life expectancy, should we still go jogging?\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe ability to reason is one of our most undervalued skills. In everyday life, the key is to put yourself in the shoes of a clever competitor and think about how they might respond. Whether you are dealing with events on the scale of the Cuban missile crisis or letting go of anger, leading economist Professor Kaushik Basu shows how game theory - the logic of social situations - can help us achieve better outcomes and lasting happiness.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFull of fascinating thought experiments and puzzles, \u003ci\u003eReason to Be Happy \u003c\/i\u003eis a paean to the power of rationality. If you want to have a good life and even make the world a better place, you can start by thinking clearly.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eReason to Be Happy \u003c\/i\u003eis a \u003cb\u003ewise and witty\u003c\/b\u003e book that shows \u003cb\u003ehow thinking clearly can help us find happiness\u003c\/b\u003e in our daily lives, \u003cb\u003eget more of what we want\u003c\/b\u003e, and even \u003cb\u003emake the world a better place\u003c\/b\u003e. -- Professor Hannah Fry, author of \u003ci\u003eHello World\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eCompelling... Eminently readable... The economist makes brilliant points and readers will learn a lot.\u003c\/b\u003e -- Chris Stokel-Walker * New Scientist *","brand":"Transworld Publishers Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48066982969687,"sku":"9781911709251","price":15.29,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781911709251.jpg?v=1713213236"},{"product_id":"logic-9780141003146","title":"Logic","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIf a man supports Arsenal one day and Spurs the next then he is fickle but not necessarily illogical. From this starting point, and assuming no previous knowledge of logic, Wilfrid Hodges takes the reader through the whole gamut of logical expressions in a simple and lively way. Readers who are more mathematically adventurous will find optional sections introducing rather more challenging material. ''A lively and stimulating book'' Philosophy\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e'A lively and stimulating book' Philosophy\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePart 1 Consistency: consistent sets of beliefs. Part 2 Expressing beliefs in sentences: beliefs and words; declarative sentences; ambiguity. Part 3 When is a sentence true?: truth and references; borderline cases and bizarre situations; misleading statements; possible situations and meanings. Part 4 Testing for consistency and validity: consistent sets of short sentences; the tableau technique; arguments. Part 5 How are complex sentences built up?: phrase-classes; phrase-markers; scope; context-free grammars. Part 6 Logical analysis: sentence-functors and truth-functors; some basic truth-functors; special problems with \"-\u0026gt;\" and \"\"; analyis of complex sentences. Part 7 Sentence tableaux: sentence tableaux; interpretations. Part 8 Propositional calculus: a formal language; truth-tables; properties of semantic entailment; formal tableaux. Part 9 Designators and identity: designators and predicates; purely referential occurrences; two policies on reference; identity. Part 10 Relations: satisfaction; binary relations; \"same\", \"at least\" and \"more\"; equivalence relations. Part 11 Quantifiers: quantification; \"all\" and \"some\"; quantifier rules. Part 12 Predicate logic: logical scope; analyses using identity; predicate interpretations; predicate tableaux; formalization again. Part 13 Horizons of logic: likelihood; intension; semantics.","brand":"Penguin Books Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732386165079,"sku":"9780141003146","price":10.44,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780141003146.jpg?v=1719996654"},{"product_id":"language-truth-and-logic-9780141186047","title":"Language Truth and Logic","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIf you can''t prove something, it is literally senseless - so argues Ayer in this irreverent and electrifying book. Statements are either true by definition (as in maths), or can be verified by direct experience. Ayer rejected metaphysical claims about god, the absolute, and objective values as completely nonsensical. Ayer was only 24 when he finished LANGUAGE, TRUTH \u0026amp; LOGIC, yet it shook the foundations of Anglo-American philosophy and made its author notorious. It became a classic text, cleared away the cobwebs in philosophical thinking, and has been enormously influential.","brand":"Penguin Books Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732423520599,"sku":"9780141186047","price":11.69,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780141186047.jpg?v=1719996816"},{"product_id":"rationality-9780141989860","title":"Rationality","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA \u003ci\u003eTIMES \u003c\/i\u003eBOOK OF THE YEAR 2021\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003e''Punchy, funny and invigorating ... Pinker is the high priest of rationalism'' \u003ci\u003eSunday Times\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003e ''If you''ve ever considered taking drugs to make yourself smarter, read \u003ci\u003eRationality\u003c\/i\u003e instead. It''s cheaper, more entertaining, and more effective'' Jonathan Haidt, author of \u003ci\u003eThe Righteous Mind\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e In the twenty-first century, humanity is reaching new heights of scientific understanding - and at the same time appears to be losing its mind. How can a species that discovered vaccines for Covid-19 in less than a year produce so much fake news, quack cures and conspiracy theorizing?\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e In \u003ci\u003eRationality\u003c\/i\u003e, Pinker rejects the cynical cliché that humans are simply an irrational species - cavemen out of time fatally cursed with biases, fallacies and illusions. After all, we discovered the laws of nature, lengthened and enriched our lives and set the benchmarks for rationality itself. Instead, he explains, we think in ways that suit the low-tech contexts in which we spend most of our lives, but fail to take advantage of the powerful tools of reasoning we have built up over millennia: logic, critical thinking, probability, causal inference, and decision-making under uncertainty. These tools are not a standard part of our educational curricula, and have never been presented clearly and entertainingly in a single book - until now.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Rationality matters. It leads to better choices in our lives and in the public sphere, and is the ultimate driver of social justice and moral progress. Brimming with insight and humour, \u003ci\u003eRationality \u003c\/i\u003ewill enlighten, inspire and empower.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003e''A terrific book, much-needed for our time'' Peter Singer\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSteven Pinker is the high priest of rationalism ... [This book] is an impassioned and zippy introduction to the tools of rational thought ... Pinker wants probability theory and psychological biases to be taught in schools and universities. \u003cb\u003ePunchy, funny and invigorating\u003c\/b\u003e, this could be the textbook. -- James McConnachie * Sunday Times *\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSteven Pinker is among the best science writers in history\u003c\/b\u003e, and with \u003ci\u003eRationality\u003c\/i\u003e he applies his talents to one of the most important and misunderstood human abilities - tracking reality with a brain that was designed to do so under some circumstances but not others. \u003cb\u003eIf you've ever considered taking drugs to make yourself smarter, read \u003ci\u003eRationality\u003c\/i\u003e instead. It's cheaper, more entertaining, and more effective.\u003c\/b\u003e -- Jonathan Haidt, NYU-Stern School of Business and author of The Righteous Mind\u003cbr\u003eThe Enlightenment torchbearer is \u003cb\u003eeloquent\u003c\/b\u003e in his defence of clear thinking ... \u003cb\u003e[reason] is a tool that human beings have to learn to use with care, something this book will help any reader to do.\u003c\/b\u003e -- Julian Baggini * Financial Times *\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRationality\u003c\/i\u003e ­- like all of Pinker's work - [is] \u003cb\u003ea paen to human potential\u003c\/b\u003e... what Pinker really trades in are profoundly \u003cb\u003erefreshing, energising sets of explanations\u003c\/b\u003e for why we do and think the way we do ... harnessing reason is not just useful in all kinds of ways both personal and universal, but a wondrous property of being human. -- Zoe Strimpel * Daily Telegraph *\u003cbr\u003eAlmost every sentence in \u003ci\u003eRationality\u003c\/i\u003e is \u003cb\u003ecrisp and intelligible\u003c\/b\u003e, which is quite a feat, given that explaining logic to humans is like teaching them Sanskrit. Pinker suggests various ways to run our collective affairs more rationally. -- Simon Kuper * New Statesman *\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eA reader-friendly primer in better thinking through the cultivation of that rarest of rarities: a sound argument.\u003c\/p\u003e * Kirkus *\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eRationality\u003c\/i\u003e is \u003cb\u003ea terrific book, much-needed for our time.\u003c\/b\u003e In addition to drawing together the tools for overcoming obstacles to rational thinking, Pinker \u003cb\u003ebreaks new ground\u003c\/b\u003e with the evidence he provides linking rationality and moral progress. -- Peter Singer","brand":"Penguin Books Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732511174999,"sku":"9780141989860","price":10.44,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780141989860.jpg?v=1719997203"},{"product_id":"divine-contradiction-9780192845436","title":"Divine Contradiction","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBuilding on his paradigm-shifting work on the incarnation in The Contradictory Christ (OUP, 2021), Jc Beall extends a robust contradictory theology with an account of the trinity. Throughout the history of the Christian church, heretics, apophatics, mystics, atheists, and many others have long proclaimed that the doctrine of the trinity - one of the central doctrines of the Christian faith - is contradictory. In this work, Beall agrees; however, as Beall convincingly argues, one needn''t abandon orthodoxy, play language games, inflate one''s metaphysics, nor abandon the standard faith in the face of such divine contradiction. Instead, one can accept central axioms of the trinity at face value and, with a suitable account of logical entailment, accept the ''contradictory truths'' thereby entailed. With the clarity and precision that only a logician could provide, Beall provided theology and the Christian church in general with a very simple and viable (and arguably correct) model of div\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1: Aim, scope, limits, and main thesis 2: Logical and extra-logical entailment 3: Trinitarian identity 4: Seven virtues 5: Seven objections 6: Measuring some non-contradictory accounts 7: Towards future contradictory theology Appendix A Athanasian Creed (tr. Philip-Neri Reese, O.P.) Appendix B §2 Appendix: formal sketch of FDE","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732593488215,"sku":"9780192845436","price":60.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780192845436.jpg?v=1719997570"},{"product_id":"ibn-sn-avicenna-a-very-short-introduction-very-short-introductions-9780192846983","title":"Ibn Sn Avicenna A Very Short Introduction Very","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eVery Short Introductions: Brilliant, Sharp, InspiringThis book provides an introduction to the most important philosopher of the Islamic world, Ibn Sina, often known in English by his Latinized name Avicenna. After introducing the man and his works, with an overview of the historical context in which he lived, the book devotes chapters to the different areas of Ibn Sina''s thought. Among the topics covered are his innovations in logic, his theory of the human soul and its powers, the relation between his medical writings and his philosophy, and his metaphysics of existence. Particular attention is given to two famous arguments: his flying man thought experiment and the so-called demonstration of the truthful, a proof for the existence of God as the Necessary Existent. A distinctive feature of the book is its attention to the relationship between Ibn Sina and Islamic rational theology (kalam): in which we see how Ibn Sina responded to this tradition in many areas of his thought. A final chapter looks at Ibn Sina''s legacy in both the Islamic world and in Latin Christendom. Here Adamson focuses on the critical responses to Ibn Sina in subsequent generations by such figures as al-Ghazali, al-Suhrawardi, and Fakhr al-Din al-Razi.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA distinctive feature of the book is its attention to the relationship between Ibn Sīnā and Islamic rational theology (kalām): in which we see how Ibn Sīnā responded to this tradition in many areas of his thought. * Morteza Hajizadeh, Ph.D. graduate in English from the University of Auckland in New Zealand. *\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1: Life works 2: Logic epistemology 3: Human person 4: Physics 5: God and world 6: Legacy Further reading Index","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732594372951,"sku":"9780192846983","price":9.49,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780192846983.jpg?v=1719997574"},{"product_id":"philosophical-manuscripts-9780192847393","title":"Philosophical Manuscripts","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDavid Lewis (1941-2001) was a celebrated and influential figure in analytic philosophy. When Lewis died, he left behind a large body of unpublished notes, manuscripts, and letters. This volume contains two longer manuscripts which Lewis had originally intended to turn into books, and thirty-one shorter items. The longer manuscripts are ''The Paradoxes of Time Travel'', his David Gavin Young Lectures at the University of Adelaide, and ''Confirmation Theory'', which is based on a graduate course on probability and logic that he gave at UCLA. Lewis''s described his purposes in ''The Paradoxes of Time Travel'' as being, `(1) to solve a philosophical problem hitherto largely ignored or casually mis-solved by philosophers []; (2) to introduce the layman to various topics in metaphysics, since our problem turns out to connect with many more familiar ones; and (3) to show of several of my favorite doctrines and methods in metaphysics''. By contrast, ''Confirmation Theory'' is a technical work \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFrederique Janssen-Lauret and Fraser MacBride: Editors' Introduction Frederique Janssen-Lauret and Fraser MacBride : An Intellectual Biography Of The Young David Lewis Part I: Longer Manuscripts  The Paradoxes of Time Travel: The Gavin David Young Lectures at the University of Adelaide (1971)  1: Time Travel without Hyperkinesis 2: Mapping Exercise 3: Personal Identity and Personal Time 4: Reversed Causation 5: Changing the Past: Failure 6: Changing the Past: Success References  Confirmation Theory (1969) 0: Intensional Semantics 1: Probability Measures 2: Rational Belief: Statistics 3: Rational Belief: Kinematics 4: Scientific Method 5: Principles of Indierence 6: Carnap's lm-system: One Family 7: Carnap's lm-system: Many Families 8: Hintikka's lm-pa-system Confirmation Theory Bibliography  Part II: Short Posthumously Published Papers (1965-2001) 1: Particular and General Causal Claims (c. 1965-66) 2: On the Nature of Certain Nonidentities: A Reply to Montague (1968) 3: Reply to Sommers (1969) 4: Contagion without Rigidity (1971) 5: Counterfactual Probability (1971) 6: Reply to Davidson (1972) 7: Insatiable Quantifiers (1972) 8: Counterfactual and Objective Probability (1973) 9: Counterpart Theory Mk. II (1974) 10: To the Thursday Logic Seminar (1976) 11: Reply to Pollock (1979) 12: Supervenience of Chances (1979) 13: Reply to Adams (1979) 14: From Phenomenal to Epiphenomenal (1981) 15: The Monty Hall Problem (c. 1982) 16: Richter's Problem (1983) 17: Russian Roulette (1984) 18: Mass and Value (1985) 19: De Se Detectivism (1986) 20: A Fifth Solution to the Problem of Temporary Intrinsics (c. 1987) 21: Acceptance Speech for the Behrman Award (1991) 22: Reply to Cresswell (1991) 23: Exclusion (1991) 24: Modal Demifictionalism (1994) 25: Merlin and Morgana (1999) 26: Reply to Martin's reply (1999) 27: Nihil Obstat: An Analysis of Ability (2001) 28: Divine Evil (2001) 29: Double Explanation by Double Having (2001) 30: Jack Is Unprovable (2001) 31: You Can't Win (2001)","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732594766167,"sku":"9780192847393","price":28.5,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}]},{"product_id":"two-arguments-for-the-identity-of-indiscernibles-9780192866868","title":"Two Arguments for the Identity of Indiscernibles","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eGonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra presents two arguments for the principle that no two objects can differ only numerically. He shows that the principle cannot be reduced to a triviality, and that restricted versions concerning only qualitative propeties face problems.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book contains four new arguments about the Identity of Indiscernibles. * MathSciNet  *","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732605415767,"sku":"9780192866868","price":53.2,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780192866868.jpg?v=1719997616"},{"product_id":"logic-9780198811701","title":"Logic","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLogic is often perceived as having little to do with the rest of philosophy, and even less to do with real life. In this lively and accessible introduction, Graham Priest shows how wrong this conception is. He explores the philosophical roots of the subject, explaining how modern formal logic deals with issues ranging from the existence of God and the reality of time to paradoxes of probability and decision theory. Along the way, the basics of formal logic are explained in simple, non-technical terms, showing that logic is a powerful and exciting part of modern philosophy. In this new edition Graham Priest expands his discussion to cover the subjects of algorithms and axioms, and proofs in mathematics.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePREFACE TO SECOND EDITION; PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION; GLOSSARY; PROBLEMS; PROBLEM SOLUTIONS; BIBLIOGRAPHY; GENERAL INDEX","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732792717655,"sku":"9780198811701","price":9.49,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780198811701.jpg?v=1719998421"},{"product_id":"tractatus-logicophilosophicus-9780198861379","title":"Tractatus LogicoPhilosophicus","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e''what can be said at all can be said clearly; and of what one cannot talk, about that one must be silent''Wittgenstein''s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, first published in German in 1921 and in English translation in 1922, is one of the most influential philosophical texts of the twentieth century. It played a fundamental role in the development of analytic philosophy, and its philosophical ideas and implications have been fiercely debated ever since. This new translation improves on the two main earlier translations, taking advantage of the scholarship over the last century that has deepened our understanding of both the Tractatus and Wittgenstein''s philosophy more generally, scholarship that has also involved discussion of the difficulties in translating the original German text and the issues of interpretation that arise.Michael Beaney''s translation is accompanied by two introductory essays, the first explaining the background to Wittgenstein''s work, its main ideas and their su\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eParadox is a powerful source of philosophical intrigue. And these two new editions attest to the status of the Tractatus as perhaps the philosophical classic of the twentieth century, inspiring not only philosophers of both \"analytic\" and \"continental\" stripes, but also writers, logicians and film-makers. * Jonathan Egid, The Times Literary Supplement *\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreface Introduction A Note on the Text Select Bibliography Chronology of Ludwig Wittgenstein Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus Explanatory Notes Appendix: The Tree Structure of the Main Propositions of the Tractatus Glossary","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732817883479,"sku":"9780198861379","price":8.54,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780198861379.jpg?v=1719998528"},{"product_id":"morality-and-mathematics-9780198898863","title":"Morality and Mathematics","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTo what extent are the subjects of our thoughts and talk real? This is the question of realism. In this book, Justin Clarke-Doane explores arguments for and against moral realism and mathematical realism, how they interact, and what they can tell us about areas of philosophical interest more generally. He argues that, contrary to widespread belief, our mathematical beliefs have no better claim to being self-evident or provable than our moral beliefs. Nor do our mathematical beliefs have better claim to being empirically justified than our moral beliefs. It is also incorrect that reflection on the genealogy of our moral beliefs establishes a lack of parity between the cases. In general, if one is a moral antirealist on the basis of epistemological considerations, then one ought to be a mathematical antirealist as well. And, yet, Clarke-Doane shows that moral realism and mathematical realism do not stand or fall together -- and for a surprising reason. Moral questions, insofar as they ar\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eReview from previous edition Morality and Mathematics is an outstanding achievement and will be a standard point of reference for future work on the topics of which it treats. * Hallvard Lillehammer, International Journal for the Study of Skepticism *\u003cbr\u003eClarke-Doane ... brings remarkable expertise and ... research to [this project]. The main argument [is] copiously defended in this lucid but highly technical treatise. ... Underlying [the argument] is the important distinction between realism and objectivity. * Sheila Mason, CHOICE *\u003cbr\u003eClarke-Doane's book offers a coherent and plausible set of answers to the notorious epistemological questions provoked by morality, and to the analogous questions that are provoked by mathematics. It is striking for its creativity, its rigorous arguments, its many subtle but important distinctions, its unusual breadth of expertise (covering the philosophy of language, metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of mathematics, and meta-ethics), and its rational control of a daunting battery of interacting considerations from these various branches of the subject. Exceptionally impressive philosophical talent and maturity are on display here. Needless to say, we probably haven't yet been given the final truth about these matters. But it's certain that anyone aiming to do better will have to grapple with Clarke-Doane's formidable arguments and conclusions. * Paul Horwich, New York University *\u003cbr\u003eJustin Clarke-Doane raises fascinating and important issues about evolutionary debunking arguments. He argues that insofar as our knowledge of the evolutionary origins of morality poses a challenge for moral realism, exactly similar difficulties will arise for mathematical realism. * Matthew Braddock, Andreas Mogensen, and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, PEASoup *\u003cbr\u003eClarke-Doane's overarching metaphilosophical conclusion ... is ... that across a large range of philosophical debates ... the real philosophical questions are not metaphysical ... but practical, about which concepts to use. ... [W]e are left with a purely practical question of which framework to pick, which cannot itself be justified by appeal to more normativity. ...[P]erhaps a monist response can be afforded via an adaptation of Quine's response to Carnap. ... But whether or not this response ... can be made to fly, Clarke-Doane's achievement ... is substantial. ... [I]ncreased specialization makes serious engagement across subfields of philosophy a challenge. Morality and Mathematics rises to this challenge, and will serve as a springboard to further serious engagement across the subdisciplines * Mary Leng, Mind *\u003cbr\u003eThis excellent book ... compares morality and mathematics. Their similarities and differences are not what one might naively supposee, as the author demonstrates. The book is highly recommended to philosophers interested in both subjects, and to anyone who seeks a global understanding of how morality and mathematics fit into our belief system. ... The idea that practical questions alone resist deflation in the face of pluralist ... realism ... facilitated by the tension between realism and objectivity ... mak[es] ... for a rather striking metaphilosophical vision. * Michael Bevan \u0026amp; Alexander Paseau, Philosophia Mathematica *\u003cbr\u003eIn this brilliantly original book, Justin Clarke-Doane ... has upended many long-held views on morality and mathematics. ... Accept it or reject it, it manifests Clarke-Doane's extraordinary combination of philosophical imagination and logical skill, and what I have discussed in this review is only a small sample of the philosophical gold to be found in his book. * David Gordon, Philosophical Quarterly *\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction 1: Realism, Ontology, and Objectivity 2: Self-Evidence, Proof, and Disagreement 3: Observation and Indispensability 4: Genealogical Debunking Arguments 5: Explaining our Reliability 6: Realism, Objectivity, and Evaluation Conclusion","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732829417815,"sku":"9780198898863","price":999.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}]},{"product_id":"category-theory-9780199237180","title":"Category Theory","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eCategory theory is a branch of abstract algebra with incredibly diverse applications. This text and reference book is aimed not only at mathematicians, but also researchers and students of computer science, logic, linguistics, cognitive science, philosophy, and any of the other fields in which the ideas are being applied. Containing clear definitions of the essential concepts, illuminated with numerous accessible examples, and providing full proofs of all important propositions and theorems, this book aims to make the basic ideas, theorems, and methods of category theory understandable to this broad readership. Although assuming few mathematical pre-requisites, the standard of mathematical rigour is not compromised. The material covered includes the standard core of categories; functors; natural transformations; equivalence; limits and colimits; functor categories; representables; Yoneda''s lemma; adjoints; monads. An extra topic of cartesian closed categories and the lambda-calculus is also provided - a must for computer scientists, logicians and linguists!This Second Edition contains numerous revisions to the original text, including expanding the exposition, revising and elaborating the proofs, providing additional diagrams, correcting typographical errors and, finally, adding an entirely new section on monoidal categories. Nearly a hundred new exercises have also been added, many with solutions, to make the book more useful as a course text and for self-study.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe book is well organised and very well written. The presentation of the material is from the concrete to the abstract, proofs are worked out in detail and the examples and the exercises spread throughout the text mark a pleasant rhythm for its reading. In all, Awodey's Category Theory is a very nice and recommendable introduction to the subject. * Pere Pascual, EMS Newsletter *\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreface ; 1. Categories ; 2. Abstract Structures ; 3. Duality ; 4. Groups and Categories ; 5. Limits and Colimits ; 6. Exponentials ; 7. Naturality ; 8. Categories of Diagrams ; 9. Adjoints ; 10. Monads and Algrebras ; References ; Solutions to Selected Exercises ; Index","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732837577047,"sku":"9780199237180","price":61.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780199237180.jpg?v=1719998611"},{"product_id":"the-logic-manual-9780199587841","title":"The Logic Manual","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Logic Manual is a clear and concise introduction to logic for beginning philosophy students. It offers a complete introductory course, guiding the reader carefully through the topics in logic that are most important for the study of philosophy. It covers propositional and predicate logic with and without identity. It includes an account of the semantics of these languages including definitions of truth and satisfaction. Natural deduction is used as a proof system. Volker Halbach introduces the essential concepts through examples and informal explanations as well as through abstract definitions. The Logic Manual provides the best entry to the general abstract way of thinking about language, logic, and semantics which is characteristic of contemporary philosophy. Exercises, examples, and sample examination papers are provided on an accompanying website.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1. Sets, Relations, and Arguments ; 2. Syntax and Semantics of Propositional Logic ; 3. Formalisation in Propositional Logic ; 4. The Syntax of Predicate Logic ; 5. The Semantics of Predicate Logic ; 6. Natural Deduction ; 7. Formalisation in Predicate Logic ; 8. Identity and Definite Descriptions ; Natural Deduction Rules","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732870443351,"sku":"9780199587841","price":14.86,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}]},{"product_id":"aristotle-topics-book-vi-9780199609765","title":"Aristotle Topics Book VI","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis volume presents a new translation of Aristotle''s Topics Book VI by Annamaria Schiaparelli, accompanied by a detailed commentary and textual notes providing insight into the history of the transmission of the text with its variants. In the Topics, Aristotle aims at developing his dialectical method. He introduces the four predicables (property, genus, accident, and definition) which are necessary for the classification and application of the topoi, or commonplaces. Book VI of the Topics is entirely devoted to the discussion of definition, the most extended and refined discussion of this subject handed down to us from the classical period. The concept of definition plays a central role not only in Aristotle''s logic but also in his ontology. Issues connected with definitions emerge constantly throughout his works. Moreover, definitions are at the centre of Platonic philosophy and sparked a lively discussion in philosophy of the Hellenistic and late classical periods.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eINTRODUCTION I: The Place of the Topics in Aristotle's Corpus II: The Contents of the Topics III: The Four Predicables IV: The Classifications of the Predicables V: The Logical Relations among the Predicables VI: The Predicable Definition VII: Types of Definition and their Rules VIII: The Notion of Causality in the Topics IX: Some Prominent Themes concerning Standard Definitions X: Structure and Interpretations of Book VI of the Topics TRANSLATION COMMENTARY Notes on the Text Appendix: The Predicables  Logical Relations Select Bibliography Glossary: English-Greek \/ Greek-English Indexes","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732873785687,"sku":"9780199609765","price":25.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780199609765.jpg?v=1719998765"},{"product_id":"hermeneutics-9780199685356","title":"Hermeneutics","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHermeneutics is the branch of knowledge that deals with interpretation, a behaviour that is intrinsic to our daily lives. As humans, we decipher the meaning of newspaper articles, books, legal matters, religious texts, political speeches, emails, and even dinner conversations every day . But how is knowledge mediated through these forms? What constitutes the process of interpretation? And how do we draw meaning from the world around us so that we might understand our position in it? In this Very Short Introduction Jens Zimmermann traces the history of hermeneutic theory, setting out its key elements, and demonstrating how they can be applied to a broad range of disciplines: theology; literature; law; and natural and social sciences. Demonstrating the longstanding and wide-ranging necessity of interpretation, Zimmermann reveals its significance in our current social and political landscape. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis very readable and much needed introduction breaks new ground in that it is the first to demonstrate, with insight, wit and a trove of illuminating examples, the importance of hermeneutics in all fields of knowledge. * Jean Grondin, Université de Montréal *\u003cbr\u003eZimmerman offers one of the best short introductions to modern hermeneutics. The writing is at all times concise, clear and engaging. The author brilliantly evaluates the riches of this major intellectual tradition as well as revealing its ongoing creative influence on contemporary thought. * Richard Kearney, Charles Seelig Professor at Boston College and author of Anatheism and Carnal Hermeneutics. *\u003cbr\u003eAn excellent introduction to that most characteristic of human activities, the attempt to understand. From the key figures in the development of the discipline to the application of their ideas in various fields, the reader is shown what it means to think hermeneutically and invited to do so as well. * Fr. John Behr, Dean, St Vladimir's Seminary *\u003cbr\u003eThe Introduction clearly points to the major issues involved in hermeneutics. Jens Zimmermann writes excellently for a wide audience and the references to texting and to digital worlds gives it a contemporary feel. * Graham Ward, Regius Professor of Divinity, Christ Church Oxford, Director of Graduate Studies New York *\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreface ; 1. What is Hermeneutics? ; 2. Hermeneutics: A brief history ; 3. Philosophical hermeneutics ; 4. Hermeneutics and theology ; 5. Hermeneutics and law ; 6. Hermeneutics and science ; 7. Hermeneutics and the humanities ; References ; Further reading ; Index","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732883452247,"sku":"9780199685356","price":9.49,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780199685356.jpg?v=1719998808"},{"product_id":"hegels-realm-of-shadows-logic-as-metaphysics-in-the-science-of-logic-9780226703411","title":"Hegels Realm of Shadows Logic as Metaphysics in","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","brand":"The University of Chicago Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732916416855,"sku":"9780226703411","price":24.7,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780226703411.jpg?v=1719998937"},{"product_id":"a-key-to-whiteheads-process-and-reality-9780226752938","title":"A Key to Whiteheads Process and Reality","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","brand":"The University of Chicago Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732919365975,"sku":"9780226752938","price":28.5,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780226752938.jpg?v=1719998949"},{"product_id":"conceptual-harmonies-the-origins-and-relevance-of-hegels-logic-9780226826073","title":"Conceptual Harmonies The Origins and Relevance of","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e“The erudition and scope of Redding’s new book are staggering. This is a very fine book on the history of ancient logic and mathematics and its modern German reception, and it is also a major contribution to Hegel studies and philosophy. We finally have a clear and compelling answer to the question, What did Hegel actually think logic was? Redding has shown us the deep philosophical importance of that answer.” -- Robert B. Pippin, University of Chicago\u003cbr\u003e“\u003ci\u003eConceptual Harmonies\u003c\/i\u003e powerfully challenges a long-standing barrier to a full appreciation of Hegel’s logic: the assumption that, given his trenchant critique of all ‘formalisms,’ Hegel’s logic is in no way mathematical. With his characteristic erudition and insight, Redding guides readers through a history of logic and mathematics from Plato to the twentieth century, toward an entirely new understanding of Hegelian logic. Redding’s latest is a must-read for anyone interested in Hegel and the history of logic, proving once again that Redding is one of the most original, rigorous, and historically sensitive interpreters of Hegel writing in any language.” -- Karen Ng, Vanderbilt University\u003cbr\u003e“In \u003ci\u003eConceptual Harmonies\u003c\/i\u003e, Redding makes a breathtakingly original case for a new understanding of Hegel’s Logic. Expanding the examination of Hegel’s sources well beyond the standard Aristotelian and Kantian texts, Redding rewrites the history of logic to show that Hegel anticipated many developments in the mid-nineteenth century and beyond. This is a major achievement that opens up a new line of research into Hegel’s though -- Dean Moyar, Johns Hopkins University\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHegel’s Texts: Translations and Abbreviations\u003cbr\u003e Preface\u003cbr\u003e Introduction\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Beginning: Hegel’s Classicism\u003cbr\u003e 1 Logic, Mathematics, and Philosophy in Fourth-Century Athens\u003cbr\u003e 2 Hegel and the Platonic Origins of Aristotle’s Syllogistic\u003cbr\u003e 3 The General Significance of Neoplatonic Harmonic Theory for Hegel’s Account of Magnitude\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Middle: Classical Meets Modern\u003cbr\u003e 4 Geometry and Philosophy in Hegel, Schelling, Carnot, and Grassmann\u003cbr\u003e 5 The Role of \u003ci\u003eAnalysis Situs\u003c\/i\u003e in Leibniz’s Modernization of Logic\u003cbr\u003e 6 Hegel’s Supersession of Leibniz and Newton: The Limitations of Calculus and Logical Calculus\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e End: The Modern as Redetermined Classical\u003cbr\u003e 7 Exploiting Resources within Aristotle for the Rehabilitation of the Syllogism\u003cbr\u003e 8 The Return of Leibnizian Logic in the Nineteenth Century: From Boole to Heyting\u003cbr\u003e 9 Hegel among the New Leibnizians: Judgments\u003cbr\u003e 10 Hegel beyond the New Leibnizians: Syllogisms\u003cbr\u003e Conclusion: The God at the Terminus of Hegel’s Logic\u003cbr\u003e Acknowledgments\u003cbr\u003e Notes\u003cbr\u003e Bibliography\u003cbr\u003e Index","brand":"The University of Chicago Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48732930343255,"sku":"9780226826073","price":26.6,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780226826073.jpg?v=1719998995"},{"product_id":"teach-yourself-to-think-9780241257500","title":"Teach Yourself To Think","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE classic work of intelligent self-empowerment from the world-renowned writer and philosopher Edward de Bono\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOur happiness and success depend on clear thinking. 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In the classroom and the lecture hall, Boole interpreted recent discoveries and debates in a wide range of fields for a general audience. This collection of lectures, many never before published, offers insights into the early thinking of an innovative mathematician and intellectual polymath.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBertrand Russell claimed that “pure mathematics was discovered by Boole,” but before Boole joined a university faculty as professor of mathematics in 1849, advocacy for science and education occupied much of his time. He was\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"MIT Press Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48733467607383,"sku":"9780262535007","price":42.89,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}]},{"product_id":"critical-thinking-9781107401983","title":"Critical Thinking","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis second edition has been extensively revised with updated examples and a brand new chapter on how to obtain reliable information from the internet.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1. What is critical thinking and how to improve it; 2. Identifying reasons and conclusions: the language of reasoning; 3. Understanding reasoning: different patterns of reasoning; 4. Understanding reasoning: assumptions, context and a thinking map; 5. Clarifying and interpreting expressions and ideas; 6. The acceptability of reasons: including their credibility; 7. Judging the credibility of sources skilfully; 8. Evaluating inferences: deductive validity and other grounds; 9. evaluating inferences: assumptions and other relevant arguments; 10. Reasoning about causal explanations; 11. Decision-making: options, consequences, values and risks; 12. Critical thinking about the internet (how to get reliable information from the internet); Questions appendix; Answers to questions; Glossary; Bibliography; Index.","brand":"Cambridge University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48738249670999,"sku":"9781107401983","price":22.75,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781107401983.jpg?v=1723811860"},{"product_id":"introducing-logic-and-critical-thinking-9780801030819","title":"Introducing Logic and Critical Thinking","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis robust, clear, and well-researched textbook for classes in logic introduces students to both formal logic and to the virtues of intellectual inquiry. Part 1 challenges students to develop the analytical skills of deductive and inductive reasoning, showing them how to identify and evaluate arguments. Part 2 helps students develop the intellectual virtues of the wise inquirer. The book includes helpful pedagogical features such as practice exercises and a concluding summary with definitions of key concepts for each chapter. Resources for professors and students are available through Baker Academic''s Textbook eSources.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eContents\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreface for Instructors\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 1: The Skills of Reasoning\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e1. Introduction to Arguments\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003e1.1 Arguments vs. Nonarguments\u003cbr\u003eExercise 1.1\u003cbr\u003e1.2 Evaluating Arguments\u003cbr\u003eExercise 1.2\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e2. Deductive Logic\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003e2.1 Famous Forms Method\u003cbr\u003eExercise 2.1\u003cbr\u003e2.2 Counterexample Method\u003cbr\u003eExercise 2.2\u003cbr\u003e2.3 Venn Diagram Method\u003cbr\u003eExercise 2.3\u003cbr\u003e2.4 Proof Method\u003cbr\u003eExercise 2.4\u003cbr\u003e2.5 Expanded Proof Method with Predicates and Quantifiers\u003cbr\u003eExercise 2.5\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e3. Inductive Logic\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003e3.1 Statistical Syllogism\u003cbr\u003eExercise 3.1\u003cbr\u003e3.2 Induction by Enumeration\u003cbr\u003eExercise 3.2\u003cbr\u003e3.3 Arguments from Authority\u003cbr\u003eExercise 3.3\u003cbr\u003e3.4 Arguments from Analogy\u003cbr\u003eExercise 3.4\u003cbr\u003e3.5 Inference to the Best Explanation\u003cbr\u003eExercise 3.5\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cb\u003ePart 2: The Virtues of Inquiry\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e4. Internal Virtues\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003e4.1 Love of Intellectual Excellence\u003cbr\u003eExercise 4.1\u003cbr\u003e4.2 Intellectual Courage and Caution\u003cbr\u003eExercise 4.2\u003cbr\u003e4.3 Introspective Vigilance\u003cbr\u003eExercise 4.3\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e5. Virtues of Intellectual Dependence\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003e5.1 Trust\u003cbr\u003eExercise 5.1\u003cbr\u003e5.2 Interpretive Charity\u003cbr\u003eExercise 5.2\u003cbr\u003e5.3 Intellectual Empathy\u003cbr\u003eExercise 5.3\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e6. Virtues of Intellectual Dependability\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003e6.1 Intellectual Generosity\u003cbr\u003eExercise 6.1\u003cbr\u003e6.2 Communicative Clarity\u003cbr\u003eExercise 6.2\u003cbr\u003e6.3 Audience Sensitivity\u003cbr\u003eExercise 6.3\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/i\u003eAppendix: Argument Forms and Proof Rules\u003cbr\u003eGlossary of Key Terms","brand":"Baker Publishing Group","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48738467873111,"sku":"9780801030819","price":19.79,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780801030819.jpg?v=1720048642"},{"product_id":"logic-a-complete-introduction-teach-yourself-9781473608436","title":"Logic A Complete Introduction Teach Yourself","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cdiv\u003eUnderstand Logic is a comprehensive introduction to this fascinating though sometimes challenging subject. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAs well as looking at logic in theoretical terms the book considers its everyday uses and demonstrates how it has genuine practical applications. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt will take you step by step through the most difficult concepts and is packed with exercises to help you consolidate your learning at every stage. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eCovering everything from syllogistic logic to logical paradoxes and even looking at logic in Alice in Wonderland, this is the only guide you will ever need.\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"John Murray Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48739503571287,"sku":"9781473608436","price":13.49,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781473608436.jpg?v=1720052420"},{"product_id":"modal-logic-for-open-minds-9781575865980","title":"Modal Logic for Open Minds","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eModal Logic for Open Minds,\u003c\/i\u003e Johan van Benthem provides an up-to-date introduction to the field of modal logic, outlining its major ideas and exploring the numerous ways in which various academic fields have adopted it. Van Benthem begins with the basic theories of modal logic, semantics, bisimulation, and axiomatics, and also covers more advanced topics, such as expressive power and computational complexity. The book then moves to a wide range of applications, including new developments in information flow, intelligent agency, and games. Taken together, the chapters show modal logic at the crossroads of philosophy, mathematics, linguistics, computer science, and economics. Most of the chapters are followed by exercises, making this volume ideal for undergraduate and graduate students in philosophy, computer science, symbolic systems, cognitive science, and linguistics.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Centre for the Study of Language \u0026 Information","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48740518003031,"sku":"9781575865980","price":999.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781575865980.jpg?v=1720054913"},{"product_id":"language-proof-and-logic-second-edition-9781575866321","title":"Language, Proof, and Logic: Second Edition","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis textbook\/software package covers first-order language in a method appropriate for a wide range of courses, from first logic courses for undergraduates (philosophy, mathematics, and computer science) to a first graduate logic course. The accompanying online grading service instantly grades solutions to hundreds of computer exercises. The second edition of \"Language, Proof and Logic\" represents a major expansion and revision of the original package and includes applications for mobile devices, additional exercises, a dedicated website, and increased software compatibility and support.","brand":"Centre for the Study of Language \u0026 Information","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48740518723927,"sku":"9781575866321","price":64.6,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781575866321.jpg?v=1720054915"},{"product_id":"a-rulebook-for-arguments-9781624666544","title":"A Rulebook for Arguments","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFrom academic writing to personal and public discourse, the need for good arguments and better ways of arguing is greater than ever before.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e This timely fifth edition of \u003ci\u003eA Rulebook for Arguments \u003c\/i\u003esharpens an already-classic text, adding updated examples and a new chapter on public debates that provides rules for the etiquette and ethics of sound public dialogue as well as clear and sound thinking in general.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eComments on the previous edition:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \"This is the ultimate 'how-to' book for anyone who wants to use reasons and evidence in support of conclusions, to be clear instead of confusing, persuasive instead of dogmatic, and better at evaluating the arguments of others.\"\u003cbr\u003e --Debra Nails, \u003ci\u003eMichigan State University\u003c\/i\u003e","brand":"Hackett Publishing Co, Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48740680401239,"sku":"9781624666544","price":13.29,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781624666544.jpg?v=1720055335"},{"product_id":"logic-truth-and-meaning-writings-of-g-e-m-anscombe-9781845408800","title":"Logic, Truth and Meaning: Writings of G.E.M.","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis fourth and final volume of writings by Elizabeth Anscombe reprints her \u003cem\u003e Introduction to Wittgenstein''s Tractatus\u003c\/em\u003e, together with a number of later essays on thought and language in which she explores issues of reason, representation, truth and existence. As with previous volumes this gathers hitherto inaccessible publications and previously unpublished texts. Singly and collectively the four volumes provide for a broader and deeper understanding of the thought of one of the twentieth century''s most important anglophone philosophers.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Imprint Academic","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48742133236055,"sku":"9781845408800","price":18.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781845408800.jpg?v=1720060164"},{"product_id":"introducing-logic-a-graphic-guide-9781848310124","title":"Introducing Logic: A Graphic Guide","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eLogic is the backbone of Western civilization, holding together its systems of philosophy, science and law. Yet despite logic's widely acknowledged importance, it remains an unbroken seal for many, due to its heavy use of jargon and mathematical symbolism.This book follows the historical development of logic, explains the symbols and methods involved and explores the philosophical issues surrounding the topic in an easy-to-follow and friendly manner. It will take you through the influence of logic on scientific method and the various sciences from physics to psychology, and will show you why computers and digital technology are just another case of logic in action.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\"'Introducing is a miracle of modern publishing... buy one now.' Don Patterson, Guardian\"","brand":"Icon Books","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48742237208919,"sku":"9781848310124","price":8.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781848310124.jpg?v=1720060582"},{"product_id":"critical-thinking-tests-understanding-critical-thinking-skills-and-passing-critical-thinking-tests-9781911259374","title":"Critical Thinking Tests: Understanding Critical","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","brand":"How2become Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48742606766423,"sku":"9781911259374","price":13.5,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9781911259374.jpg?v=1720062113"},{"product_id":"structures-meres-semantics-mathematics-and-cognitive-science-9783030518202","title":"Structures Mères: Semantics, Mathematics, and","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis book reports on cutting-edge concepts related to Bourbaki’s notion of structures mères. It merges perspectives from logic, philosophy, linguistics and cognitive science, suggesting how they can be combined with Bourbaki’s mathematical structuralism in order to solve foundational, ontological and epistemological problems using a novel category-theoretic approach. By offering a comprehensive account of Bourbaki’s structuralism and answers to several important questions that have arisen in connection with it, the book provides readers with a unique source of information and inspiration for future research on this topic.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChapter 1: Reflections on Bourbaki's Notion of \"Structure\" and Categories.- Chapter 2: Bourbaki and Foundations.- Chapter 3: Forms of Structuralism: Bourbaki and the Philosophers.- Chapter 4: Ladders of sets and isomorphisms The shortcomings of Bourbaki’s notion of “structure”.- Chapter 5: The difficulty of neutrality A graph-theoretical solution.- Chapter 6: The wrapped dimension of Bourbaki’s \u003ci\u003estructures mères.\u003c\/i\u003e","brand":"Springer Nature Switzerland AG","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48743039238487,"sku":"9783030518202","price":44.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}]},{"product_id":"sequents-and-trees-an-introduction-to-the-theory-and-applications-of-propositional-sequent-calculi-9783030571443","title":"Sequents and Trees: An Introduction to the Theory","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis textbook offers a detailed introduction to the methodology and applications of sequent calculi in propositional logic. Unlike other texts concerned with proof theory, emphasis is placed on illustrating how to use sequent calculi to prove a wide range of metatheoretical results.  The presentation is elementary and self-contained, with all technical details both formally stated and also informally explained.  Numerous proofs are worked through to demonstrate methods of proving important results, such as the cut-elimination theorem, completeness, decidability, and interpolation.  Other proofs are presented with portions left as exercises for readers, allowing them to practice techniques of sequent calculus.\u003cbr\u003eAfter a brief introduction to classical propositional logic, the text explores three variants of sequent calculus and their features and applications.  The remaining chapters then show how sequent calculi can be extended, modified, and applied to non-classical logics, including modal, intuitionistic, substructural, and many-valued logics.\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eSequents and Trees\u003c\/i\u003e is suitable for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in logic taking courses on proof theory and its application to non-classical logics.  It will also be of interest to researchers in computer science and philosophers.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e“Each chapter of the book is structured in a similar way and contains the basic definitions, facts and necessary discussion regarding the key notions, accompanied with new ideas and a wide reference list, followed by the author's clear and approachable style. This book is self-contained, presenting an extensive survey of the applications and usefulness of cut elimination, and seems to be an extremely interesting source not only for logicians and philosophers, but also for researchers in computer science.” (Branislav Boričić, Mathematical Reviews, May, 2022)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction.- Analytic Sequent Calculus for CPL.- Gentzen's Sequent Calculus LK.- Purely Logical Sequent Calculus.- Sequent Calculi for Modal Logics.- Alternatives to CPL.- Appendix.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","brand":"Springer Nature Switzerland AG","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48743040811351,"sku":"9783030571443","price":41.24,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9783030571443.jpg?v=1720063851"},{"product_id":"symbolic-logic-9783030673956","title":"Symbolic Logic","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis book provides a comprehensive introduction to the essential elements of standard (classical) symbolic logic. Key topics covered include: \u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e·           The characteristic nature and scope of logic as a discipline\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e·           The construction of a series of distinctly named formal languages suitable for formal translation\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e·           Semantic models\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e·           The construction of decision procedures\u003c\/p\u003e  ·           The execution of proof-theoretic arrangements like natural deduction and proof-sequent systems\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003eThe book covers both the semantics and proof theory of the standard sentential (propositional) logic and predicate (first-order) logic. Other topics covered include: parsing trees, extraction of alternative notations (for instance, Polish notation), Fitch-style proof-theory, sequent and ‘tree’ proof systems, comparisons and contrasts with intuitionistic logic, and presentations of predicate logic models. An ancillary chapter on elements of set theory is conveniently placed at the end and includes insights into the Zermelo-Fraenkel systematization of set theory. The philosophy of logic is also explored.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003eExercises in the text provide instruction on mathematical induction for the construction of formula, tests for the well-formedness of Polish notation, and functional completeness.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e  \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eSymbolic Logic\u003c\/i\u003e is essential reading for all philosophy students taking intermediate level formal logic courses and will also appeal to diligent first year students of logic. The text is replete with exercises on both the formal machinery and the philosophical aspects of logic.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. What Logic Studies.- \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Concepts of Deductive Reasoning.- \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Formal Logic of Sentences, Sentential Logic (also called Sentential Logic and Statement Logic).- \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. Sentential Logic Languages ∑.- \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. Formal Predicate Logic (also called First-Order Logic) ∏.- \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. Translations from English into ∏πφ= (also called Symbolizations, Formalizations).- \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. Semantic Models for ∏: ∏⧉.- \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e8. Proof-Theoretical System for Predicate Logic: ∏πφ=.- \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e9. Definite Descriptions: ∏πφ=⍳.- \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e10. Basics of Set Theory.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Springer Nature Switzerland AG","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48743044710743,"sku":"9783030673956","price":44.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}]},{"product_id":"the-logical-writings-of-karl-popper-9783030949259","title":"The Logical Writings of Karl Popper","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis open access book is the first ever collection of Karl Popper's writings on deductive logic.\u003cbr\u003eKarl R. Popper (1902-1994) was one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century. His philosophy of science (\"falsificationism\") and his social and political philosophy (\"open society\") have been widely discussed way beyond academic philosophy. What is not so well known is that Popper also produced a considerable work on the foundations of deductive logic, most of it published at the end of the 1940s as articles at scattered places. This little-known work deserves to be known better, as it is highly significant for modern proof-theoretic semantics.\u003cbr\u003eThis collection assembles Popper's published writings on deductive logic in a single volume, together with all reviews of these papers. It also contains a large amount of unpublished material from the Popper Archives, including Popper's correspondence related to deductive logic and manuscripts that were (almost) finished, but did not reach the publication stage. All of these items are critically edited with additional comments by the editors. A general introduction puts Popper's work into the context of current discussions on the foundations of logic. This book should be of interest to logicians, philosophers, and anybody concerned with Popper's work.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Part I: Articles.- Chapter 1. Introduction to Popper’s Articles on Logic (David Binder, Thomas Piecha, and Peter Schroeder-Heister).- Chapter 2. Are Contradictions Embracing? (1943) (Karl R. Popper).- Chapter 3. Logic without Assumptions (1947) (Karl R. Popper).- Chapter 4. New Foundations for Logic (1947) (Karl R. Popper).- Chapter 5. Functional Logic without Axioms or Primitive Rules of Inference (1947)(Karl R. Popper).- Chapter 6. On the Theory of Deduction, Part I. Derivation and its Generalizations (1948) (Karl R. Popper).- Chapter 7. On the Theory of Deduction, Part II. The Definitions of Classical and Intuitionist Negation (1948) (Karl R. Popper).- Chapter 8. The Trivialization of Mathematical Logic (1949) (Karl R. Popper).- Chapter 9. A Note on Tarski’s Definition of Truth (1955) (Karl R. Popper).-Chapter 10. On a Proposed Solution of the Paradox of the Liar (1955) (Karl R. Popper).- Chapter 11. On Subjunctive Conditionals with Impossible Antecedents (1959) (Karl R. Popper).- Chapter 12. Lejewski’s Axiomatization of My Theory of Deducibility (1974) (Karl R. Popper).- Chapter 13. Reviews of Popper’s Articles on Logic (Wilhelm Ackermann et.al).- Part II: Manuscripts.- Chapter 14. Introduction to Popper’s Manuscripts on Logic (David Binder, Thomas Piecha, and Peter Schroeder-Heister).- Chapter 15. On Systems of Rules of Inference (Karl R. Popper and Paul Bernays).- Chapter 16. A General Theory of Inference (Karl R. Popper).- Chapter 17. On the Logic of Negation (Karl R. Popper).- Chapter 18. A Note on the Classical Conditional (Karl R. Popper).- Part III: Correspondence.- Chapter 19. Introduction to Popper’s Correspondence on Logic (David Binder, Thomas Piecha, and Peter Schroeder-Heister).- Chapter 20. Popper’s Correspondence with Paul Bernays (Karl R. Popper and Paul Bernays).- Chapter 21. Popper’s Correspondence with Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer (Karl R. Popper and Luitzen E. J. Brouwer).- Chapter 22. Popper’s Correspondence with Rudolf Carnap (Karl R. Popper and Rudolf Carnap).- Chapter 23. Popper’s Correspondence with Alonzo Church (Karl R. Popper and Alonzo Church).- Chapter 24. Popper’s Correspondence with Kalman Joseph Cohen (Karl R. Popper and Kalman J. Cohen).- Chapter 25. Popper’s Correspondence with Henry George Forder (Karl R. Popper and Henry George Forder).- Chapter 26. Popper’s Correspondence with Harold Jeffreys (Karl R. Popper and Harold Jeffreys).- Chapter 27. Popper’s Correspondence with Stephen Cole Kleene (Karl R. Popper and Stephen C. Kleene).- Chapter 28. Popper’s Correspondence with William Calvert Kneale (Karl R. Popper and William C. Kneale).- Chapter 29. Popper’s Correspondence with Willard Van Orman Quine (Karl R. Popper and Willard V. O. Quine).- Chapter 30. Popper’s Correspondence with Heinrich Scholz (Karl R. Popper and Heinrich Scholz).- Chapter 31.  Popper’s Correspondence with Peter Schroeder-Heister (Karl R. Popper and Peter Schroeder-Heister).- Concordances.- Bibliography.- Index.","brand":"Springer Nature Switzerland AG","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48743059915095,"sku":"9783030949259","price":44.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}]},{"product_id":"conditionals-logic-linguistics-and-psychology-9783031056819","title":"Conditionals: Logic, Linguistics and Psychology","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis edited book examines conditionals from a number of interdisciplinary perspectives, drawing on research from fields as diverse as linguistics, psychology, philosophy and logic. Across 13 chapters, the authors not only investigate and examine various commonly-held perceptions about conditionals, but they also challenge many of the assumptions underpinning current conditionals scholarship, setting an agenda for future research. Based in part on the papers presented at a unique international summer school - Conditionals in Paris - this volume represents the cutting edge in the study of conditionals, and it will be of interest to scholars in fields including linguistics and psychology, semiotics, philosophy and logic, and artificial intelligence.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eChapter 1 Stefan Kaufmann, David Over and Ghanshyam Sharma, Introduction.- Chapter 2 Dorothy Edgington, Counterfactuals, indeterminacy and probability.- Chapter 3 Igor Douven and Shira Elqayam, Inferentialism: Progress and open questions.- Chapter 4 Michał Sikorski, Re-thinking the acceptability and the probability of indicative conditionals.- Chapter 5 Niki Pfeifer, Logic and pragmatics of uncertain conditionals: a mental probability logical perspective.- Chapter 6 Paul Egré, Jan Sprenger and Lorenzo Rossi, Gibbardian collapse and trivalent conditionals.- Chapter 7 David Over and Nicole Cruz, The psychology of counterfactual reasoning.- Chapter 8 Fabrizio Cariani and Lace Rips, Experimenting with (conditional) perfection.- Chapter 9 Stefan Kaufmann, How fake is fake Past?.- Chapter 10 John Mackay, Should past-as-modal theorists also be past-as-past theorists?.- Chapter 11 Maribel Romero and Eva Csipak, Counterfactual biscuit conditionals: Competition in the tense and mood domain.- Chapter 12 Bridget Copley, The heterogeneity of conditional meaning comes from the heterogeneity of prejacent meaning and attachment.- Chapter 13 Liliane Haegeman, Revisiting the typology of conditional clauses.- Chapter 14 Ghanshyam Sharma, Towards a uniform typology of conditional clauses. \u003cbr\u003e","brand":"Springer International Publishing AG","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48743066566999,"sku":"9783031056819","price":999.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}]},{"product_id":"mathematical-methods-in-linguistics-9789027722447","title":"Mathematical Methods in Linguistics","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eElementary set theory accustoms the students to mathematical  abstraction, includes the standard constructions of relations,  functions, and orderings, and leads to a discussion of the various  orders of infinity. The material on logic covers not only the standard  statement logic and first-order predicate logic but includes an  introduction to formal systems, axiomatization, and model theory. The  section on algebra is presented with an emphasis on lattices as well  as Boolean and Heyting algebras. Background for recent research in  natural language semantics includes sections on lambda-abstraction and  generalized quantifiers. Chapters on automata theory and formal  languages contain a discussion of languages between context-free and  context-sensitive and form the background for much current work in  syntactic theory and computational linguistics. The many exercises not  only reinforce basic skills but offer an entry to linguistic  applications of mathematical concepts. \u003cbr\u003e  For upper-level undergraduate students and graduate students in  theoretical linguistics, computer-science students with interests in  computational linguistics, logic programming and artificial  intelligence, mathematicians and logicians with interests in  linguistics and the semantics of natural language.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePreface. Part A. Set Theory. 1. Basic Concepts of Set  Theory. 2. Relations and Functions. 3. Properties of  Relations. 4. Infinities. Appendix A1. Part B. Logic and  Formal Systems. 5. Basic Concepts of Logic. 6.Statement  Logic. 7. Predicate Logic. 8. Formal Systems,  Axiomatization, and Model Theory. Appendix B1. Appendix BII.  Part C. Algebra. 9. Basic Concepts of Algebra. 10.  Operational Structures. 11. Lattices. 12. Boolean and  Heyting Algebras. Part D. English as a Formal Language.  13. Basic Concepts of Formal Languages. 14. Generalized  Quantifiers. 15. Intensionality. Part E. Languages,  Grammars, and Automata. 16. Basic Concepts of Languages,  Grammars, and Automata. 17. Finite Automata, Regular Languages  and Type 3 Grammars. 18. Pushdown Automata, Context-Free  Grammars and Languages. 19. Turing Machines, Recursively  Enumberable Languages, and Type 0 Grammars. 20. Linear Bounded  Automata, Context-Sensitive Languages and Type 1 Grammars. 21.  Languages Between Context-Free and Context-Sensitive. 22.  Transformational Grammars. Appendix EI. Appendix EII.  Review Problems. Index.","brand":"Springer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48743234502999,"sku":"9789027722447","price":224.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9789027722447.jpg?v=1720064704"},{"product_id":"the-essential-peirce-volume-1-9780253207210","title":"The Essential Peirce Volume 1","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFeatures important philosophical papers of the brilliant American thinker Charles Sanders Peirce. This volume presents twenty-five key texts, chronologically arranged, beginning with Peirce's \"On a New List of Categories\" of 1867, and ending with the systematic presentation of his evolutionary metaphysics in the \"Monist Metaphysical Series\".","brand":"Indiana University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48864296403287,"sku":"9780253207210","price":21.59,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780253207210.jpg?v=1722271278"},{"product_id":"the-critical-thinking-toolkit-9780470658697","title":"The Critical Thinking Toolkit","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Critical Thinking Toolkit is a comprehensive compendium that equips readers with the essential knowledge and methods for clear, analytical, logical thinking and critique in a range of scholarly contexts and everyday situations.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments xv\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Very Idea of Critical Thinking 1\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical thinking in the formal and empirical sciences 2\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical thinking, critical theory, and critical politics 4\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical thinking, finitude, and self-understanding 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing this book 5\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBasic Tools for Critical Thinking about Arguments\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 Claims 7\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeliefs and opinions 8\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimple and complex claims 9\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTruth functionality 10\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2 Arguments 11\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogic vs. eristics 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArguments vs. explanations 12\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3 Premises 13\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnthymemes 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying premises 14\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4 Conclusions 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArgument structure 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimple and complex arguments 16\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying conclusions 17\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMore Tools for Critical Thinking about Arguments\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1 Deductive and Inductive Arguments 19\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeduction 20\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInduction 21\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2 Conditional Claims 22\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNecessary and sufficient conditions 23\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiconditional claims 25\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3 Classifying and Comparing Claims 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing claims 26\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassifying single claims 28\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4 Claims and Definitions 29\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLexical, stipulative, ostensive, and negative definition 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtension and intension 30\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneric similarities and specific differences 31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eDefiniens \u003c\/i\u003eand \u003ci\u003edefiniendum \u003c\/i\u003e31\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5 The Critical Thinker’s “Two Step”: Validity and Soundness\/Cogency and Strength 32\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure before truth 33\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6 Showing Invalidity by Counterexample 35\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Deductive Reasoning with Categories\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1 Thinking Categorically 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypes and tokens 39\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2 Categorical Logic 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality, quantity, and standard form 40\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVenn diagrams and the meaning of categorical claims 42\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution and its implications 44\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExistential import 45\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3 Translating English Claims to Standard Form 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplicit quantifiers 46\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGetting the verb right 47\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdverbials 48\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrust your instincts 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA caveat 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4 Formal Deduction with Categories: Immediate Inferences 50\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquivalences 51\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConversion 52\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContraposition 53\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObversion 56\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Aristotelian and Boolean Squares of Opposition 58\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 Formal Deduction with Categories: Syllogisms 63\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategorical syllogisms 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor and minor terms 64\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMood and figure 65\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Venn diagram test for validity 66\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive easy rules for evaluating categorical syllogisms 69\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGensler star test 70\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Deductive Reasoning with Claims\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1 Propositional vs. Categorical Logics 72\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTranslating claims into propositional logic 73\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTruth tables for claims 76\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTesting for validity and invalidity with truth tables 78\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndirect truth tables 79\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrange validity 82\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2 Common Deductively Valid Forms 83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eModus ponens \u003c\/i\u003e83\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eModus tollens \u003c\/i\u003e84\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypothetical syllogism 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisjunctive syllogism 86\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstructive and destructive dilemmas 87\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3 Equivalences 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDouble negation 90\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTautology 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommutativity 91\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssociativity 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransposition 92\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial implication 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterial equivalence 93\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExportation 94\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeMorgan’s Law 95\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4 Formal Deduction with Forms and Equivalences 96\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree simple rules 97\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5 Common Formal Fallacies 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAffirming the consequent 101\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDenying the antecedent 103\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAffirming a disjunct 104\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Detecting Informal Fallacies\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1 Critical Thinking, Critical Deceiving, and the “Two Step” 107\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2 Subjectivist Fallacy 109\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3 Genetic Fallacies 112\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4 \u003ci\u003eAd Hominem \u003c\/i\u003eFallacies: Direct, Circumstantial, and \u003ci\u003eTu Quoque \u003c\/i\u003e113\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect 114\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCircumstantial 115\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eTu quoque \u003c\/i\u003e118\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5 Appeal to Emotions or Appeal to the Heart (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad passiones\u003c\/i\u003e) 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppeal to pity (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad misericordiam\u003c\/i\u003e) 120\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppeal to fear (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad metum\u003c\/i\u003e) 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppeal to guilt 122\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6 Appeal to Force (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad baculum\u003c\/i\u003e) 124\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7 Appeal to Ignorance (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad ignorantiam\u003c\/i\u003e) 125\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative evidence and no evidence 126\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8 Appeal to Novelty (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad novitatem\u003c\/i\u003e) 127\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9 Appeal to the People (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad populum\u003c\/i\u003e) 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBandwagon 128\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppeal to snobbery 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppeal to vanity 129\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10 Appeal to Unqualified Authority (\u003ci\u003eargumentum ad verecundiam\u003c\/i\u003e) 132\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.11 Fallacy of Accident 135\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12 False Dilemma 137\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.13 Semantic and Syntactic Fallacies 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmbiguity, two types: lexical and syntactic 138\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVagueness vs. ambiguity 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVagueness, two types: degree and context 139\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquivocation and fallacious amphiboly 140\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.14 Begging the Question (\u003ci\u003epetitio principii\u003c\/i\u003e) 143\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15 Question-Begging Sentences 144\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16 Missing the Point (\u003ci\u003eignoratio elenchi\u003c\/i\u003e) 145\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17 Fallacy of Composition 146\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.18 Fallacy of Division 148\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.19 Is-Ought Fallacy 149\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20 Appeal to Tradition 152\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.21 Quoting Out of Context 153\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.22 Red Herring 158\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.23 Straw Man and Fidelity 159\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.24 Hasty Fallacization 161\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.25 A Brief Argument Clinic 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContext 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharity 162\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProductivity 163\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Critical Thinking about Induction\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1 Inductive vs. Deductive Arguments Again 166\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2 Analogies and Arguments from Analogy 167\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriticizing analogies 168\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3 Fallacies about Causation 170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003ePost hoc ergo propter hoc \u003c\/i\u003e170\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation is not always causation 171\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eCum hoc ergo propter hoc \u003c\/i\u003e172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeglecting a common cause 172\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOversimplified and contributing causes 174\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProximate, remote, and intervening causes 175\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4 Inductive Statistical Reasoning 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampling: random and biased 177\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStratification 178\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gambler’s fallacy 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverages: mean, median, and mode 179\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistributions 180\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5 Base Rate Fallacy 182\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6 Slippery Slope and \u003ci\u003eReductio ad Absurdum \u003c\/i\u003e184\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7 Hasty Generalization 188\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8 Mill’s Five Methods 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Method of Concomitant Variation 189\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Method of Agreement 190\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Method of Difference 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference 191\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Method of Residues 192\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Critical Thinking about Experience and Error\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1 Error Theory 195\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2 Cognitive Errors 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceptual error 197\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMemory 199\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStress and trauma 201\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProjection 202\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransference 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmation bias 203\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDenial 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA little bit of knowledge … 204\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fallacy of false consensus 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaïve realism 205\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3 Environment and Error 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObstruction and distraction 206\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuration 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotion 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance 207\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eContext and comparison 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailability error 208\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4 Background and Ignorance 209\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5 Misleading Language 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuspect the negative 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplications and connotations 210\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDamning by silence or understatement 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6 Standpoint and Disagreement 211\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mosaic of truth 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncommensurability and deep disagreement 213\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Critical Thinking about Justification\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1 Knowledge: The Basics 215\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrdinary belief and hinge propositions 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlato’s definition of knowledge 216\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChisholm and belief 217\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2 Feelings as Evidence 219\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome important features of all types of feelings 220\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe importance of distinguishing sense experience from emotion 222\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3 Skepticism and Sensory Experience 223\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weaknesses of sense experience as evidence 224\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strengths of sense experience as evidence 227\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4 Emotions and Evidence 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weaknesses of emotional experience as evidence 229\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strengths of emotional experience as evidence 232\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTips for eliminating the negative effects of emotions 235\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 Justifying Values 237\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe role of moral values in arguments 238\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour common views of value judgment 239\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTools for reasoning about moral values 241\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6 Justification: The Basics 242\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJustification and the problem of access 243\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo reasons not to believe 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond a reasonable doubt 244\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObligation and permission to believe 245\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7 Truth and Responsible Belief 246\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhy is responsibility relevant to belief? 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponsibility without truth 247\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8 How Does Justification Work? 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClaims as evidence 248\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperience as evidence 249\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9 A Problem for Responsible Belief 251\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGettier cases 252\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcesses and probabilities as justification 253\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVarieties of externalism 254\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10 Evidence: Weak and Strong 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect and indirect evidence 256\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTestimony as evidence 258\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrong enough evidence? 259\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuppressed evidence fallacy 260\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour tips for recognizing “good” evidence 261\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11 Justification: Conclusions 266\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools for Critical Thinking about Science\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1 Science and the Value of Scientific Reasoning 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUseful, durable, and pleasant goods 271\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn agreement engine 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA path to knowledge 272\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2 The Purview of Science 273\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe limits of empiricism 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is and what ought to be 274\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent kinds of science 275\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritiques of science 279\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3 Varieties of Possibility and Impossibility 280\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogical possibility 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical possibility 281\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther types of possibility 282\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4 Scientific Method 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCausal explanation 283\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObservation 284\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVerification and falsification 285\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParadigms: normal and revolutionary science 288\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5 Unfalsifiability and Falsification Resistance 289\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eAd hoc \u003c\/i\u003ehypotheses and the fallacy of unfalsifiability 290\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalsification and holism: hypothesis vs. theory 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe “no true Scotsman” fallacy 291\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6 Experiments and Other Tests 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eControls and variables 293\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiological studies 294\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersonal experience and case studies 295\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlinding and double blinding 296\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003ci\u003eIn vitro \u003c\/i\u003estudies 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-human animal studies 297\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7 Six Criteria for Abduction 298\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Predictive power 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Scope 299\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Coherence with established fact 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Repeatability 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Simplicity 300\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Fruitfulness 301\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8 Bad Science 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJunk science 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePseudo-science 302\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFringe science 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdeological science 303\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools from Rhetoric, Critical Theory, and Politics\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1 Meta-Narratives 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStories that govern stories plus a whole lot more 305\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoverning, varying, and disintegrating narratives 306\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2 Governing Tropes 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimile, analogy, metaphor, and allegory 308\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetonymy and synecdoche 309\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3 The Medium Is the Message 311\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4 Voice 313\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5 Semiotics: Critically Reading Signs 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeirce and Saussure 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf virgins, ghosts, and cuckolds 316\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe semiological problem 317\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6 Deconstruction 319\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritique of presence 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUndermining binaries 320\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe politics of deconstruction 321\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7 Foucault’s Critique of Power 322\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArcheological method 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenealogical method 323\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrophysics of power and biopower 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormalization 324\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8 The Frankfurt School: Culture Critique 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipstick is ideology 326\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMakers who are made 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Dialectic of Enlightenment 327\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9 Class Critiques 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassical Marxism: superstructure and substructure 328\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt’s the class hierarchy, stupid 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExploitation, alienation, and class struggle 329\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFalse consciousness 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriticizing class critique 330\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10 Feminist and Gender Critiques 332\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolitics and gender 333\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeminist critique 335\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eText and gender 336\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.11 Critiques of Race and Racism 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific critique of race 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiberal critique of race 338\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarxist critique of race 339\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical race theory 340\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.12 Traditionalist and Historicist Critiques 341\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA history of thinking about history 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eViews from nowhere 342\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe harm in forgetting 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe importance of careful listening 343\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13 Ecological Critiques 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumption and pollution 345\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcological justice 346\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-human life 347\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendix: Recommended Web Sites 349\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndex 351\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48864635650391,"sku":"9780470658697","price":20.85,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780470658697.jpg?v=1722272830"},{"product_id":"philosophy-of-mathematics-in-the-twentieth-century-9780674728066","title":"Philosophy of Mathematics in the Twentieth","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn these selected essays, Charles Parsons surveys the contributions of philosophers and mathematicians who shaped the philosophy of mathematics over the past century: Brouwer, Hilbert, Bernays, Weyl, Gödel, Russell, Quine, Putnam, Wang, and Tait.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003eParsons is a much admired and highly respected philosopher of mathematics and logic, well-known for his thoughtful and careful reflections on both the great historical figures and on work of the previous century. He is also an astute commentator on the current literature, engaging the contemporary debates and offering illuminating insights about its content and direction. This volume offers a unique opportunity for those not fortunate enough to have attended classes of Parsons’s to form some idea of what such an experience would be like. -- William Demopoulos, University of Western Ontario\u003cbr\u003eThis is a truly superb book. Parsons is quite possibly the most distinguished writer on philosophy of mathematics now working and certainly the most careful and probing. These essays examine a rather wide range of historical opinion on mathematical matters, both with an eye to demanding more careful interpretations and formulations from important writers such as Kant or Gödel while remaining sympathetic to their overall philosophical ambitions. Parsons’s treatments are unsurpassed. -- Mark Wilson, University of Pittsburgh","brand":"Harvard University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48865492468055,"sku":"9780674728066","price":49.26,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780674728066.jpg?v=1722274224"},{"product_id":"logic-metaphysics-the-natural-sociability-of-mankind-9780865974470","title":"Logic Metaphysics  the Natural Sociability of","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","brand":"Liberty Fund Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48866117943639,"sku":"9780865974470","price":10.4,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780865974470.jpg?v=1722277126"},{"product_id":"deductive-logic-9780872206601","title":"Deductive Logic","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis text provides a straightforward, lively but rigorous, introduction to truth-functional and predicate logic, complete with lucid examples and incisive exercises, for which Warren Goldfarb is renowned.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eTrade Review\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eWarren Goldfarb's long-awaited \u003ci\u003eDeductive Logic\u003c\/i\u003e is an unusually perspicuous and effective logic textbook. It succeeds in achieving great precision without seeming pedantic and great depth without compromising accessibility. One main advantage of this book relative to its competitors is the lucidity with which it explains, in ways that even beginners can fully appreciate, the rapport between semantic and syntactic captures of logical consequence. Another marked advantage is the book's emphasis on deduction and its insistence on motivating the various clauses of the rules of deduction by showing, for example, what would ensue had these clauses been flouted. In this, Deductive Logic fills a real lacuna in logic-instruction and avoids the common pedagogical pitfalls of instruction via the tree method, where students find it rather mysterious why and how the method really works. The book is written in a clear and lively style and contains numerous exercises of varying degrees of difficulty. It is ideally suited for students in philosophy and computer science. --Ori Simchen, University of British Columbia\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is the finest introduction to logic available. --John Symons, University of Texas, El Paso\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Hackett Publishing Co, Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48866130329943,"sku":"9780872206601","price":36.89,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780872206601.jpg?v=1722277186"},{"product_id":"formal-logic-9780872208131","title":"Formal Logic","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first beginning logic text to employ the tree method--a complete formal system of first-order logic that is remarkably easy to understand and use--this text allows students to take control of the nuts and bolts of formal logic quickly, and to move on to more complex and abstract problems.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe tree method is elaborated in manageable steps over five chapters, in each of which its adequacy is reviewed; soundness and completeness proofs are extended at each step, and the decidability proof is extended at the step from truth functions to the logic of nonoverlapping quantifiers with a single variable, after which undecidability is demonstrated by example. The first three chapters are bilingual, with arguments presented twice, in logical notation and in English. The last three chapters consider the discoveries defining the scope and limits of formal methods that marked logic's coming of age in the 20th century: Godel's completeness and incompleteness theorems for first and s\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Hackett Publishing Co, Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48866131640663,"sku":"9780872208131","price":35.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780872208131.jpg?v=1722277194"},{"product_id":"the-riddles-of-philosophy-9780880107112","title":"The Riddles of Philosophy","description":"\u003cb\u003eBook Synopsis\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e","brand":"Anthroposophic Press Inc","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48866148352343,"sku":"9780880107112","price":28.8,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0817\/1739\/5799\/files\/9780880107112.jpg?v=1722277281"}],"url":"https:\/\/bookcurl.com\/collections\/philosophy-logic.oembed?page=26","provider":"Book Curl","version":"1.0","type":"link"}